United Nations

The United Nations ( UN) is a global organization , which was established on 24 October 1945 after the Second World War. Its main objective is to maintain international peace and security , increase cooperation between countries and protect human rights.

Establishment and history of the United Nations

Establishment of the United Nations World War II ( 1939–1945) After this war, there was a huge loss of life and property , and to stop this, there was a need for an organization that could ensure peace and security at the global level. Before this , League of Nations There was an organization called , but it failed to stop the Second World War.

Charter of the United Nations

for the establishment of the United Nations The United Nations Charter ( UN Charter) was signed by 50 countries on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco , America. It formally came into force on 24 October 1945. That is why every year United Nations Day on 24 October It is celebrated.

Objectives of the United Nations

The UN Charter states the following as its main objectives:

1. maintaining international peace and security
2. Promoting friendship among nations
3. Social progress and improving living standards
4. Protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms
5. economic , social , cultural , and humanitarian problems

Main organs of the United Nations

The United Nations has six main organs :

1️ ⃣ Security Council

• It is the most powerful organ of the United Nations.
• Its main function maintaining international peace and security Is.
• In this 15 member countries There are , in which 5 Permanent Members They consist of:
  • America 🇺🇸
  • Russia 🇷🇺
  • China 🇨🇳
  • France 🇫🇷
  • United Kingdom 🇬🇧
• These 5 countries Veto Power They have the power to block any proposal.

2️ ⃣ General Assembly

• It is the largest organ of the United Nations , consisting of All 193 member countries are included.
• It meets annually in September in New York.
• In this, each country’s Equal suffrage It happens.

3️ ⃣ International Court of Justice (ICJ)

• This World Court It is also called.
• Its headquarter The Hague (Netherlands) It is located in.
• It settles legal disputes between countries.

4️ ⃣ Secretariat​

• It is the administrative organ of the United Nations.
• leading off United Nations Secretary -General We do.
• Current Secretary General This is Antonio Guterres .

5️ ⃣ Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC)

• It works on global economic and social issues.
• works on issues such as poverty alleviation , education , health , and climate change.

6️ ⃣ United Nations Trusteeship Council

• Earlier it was created to give independence to the colonies , but now its activity is very less.

Key Agencies of the United Nations

The United Nations has several specialized agencies , which work in different areas:

Achievements of the United Nations

1️ ⃣ Helped prevent
2 world wars ️⃣ Launched various programs to reduce poverty and hunger
3️⃣ Assisted and rehabilitated refugees
4️⃣ Contributed to climate change and environmental
protection 5️⃣ Promoted women’s rights and gender equality

Criticism of the United Nations

• 5 permanent members of the Security Council having veto power.
• Many times UN fails to stop conflicts like Syrian war , Rohingya crisis etc.
• Reforms are needed to allow more countries to participate in decision making.

conclusion

The United Nations is an important international organization that works for peace , security , human rights , and sustainable development. However , it needs reform to make it more effective so that it can better deal with the challenges of the 21st century .

History of the United Nations

Establishment of the United Nations ( UN) 24 October 1945 This organization was created after the Second World War with the aim of promoting international peace , security and cooperation. The roots of this organization were formed before this. League of Nations They meet in the Peacekeeping Mission , which was established to maintain peace after the First World War.

The formation of the United Nations was the result of many important events and agreements. Let us understand its detailed history.

1. League of Nations – A failed attempt

World War I ( 1914–1918) and the establishment of the League of Nations

• After the First World War , the world realized that an international organization was needed to maintain global peace.
• in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles .
• Its main objective was to prevent conflict between nations and resolve disputes through dialogue.
• Its headquarter Geneva , Switzerland I was there.

Failure of the League of Nations

• Big countries like America did not have membership in it.
• failed to prevent the Second World War ( 1939-1945) .
• Germany , Italy, and Japan ignored its policies and continued aggression.
• Eventually , World War II broke out and The League of Nations was weakened.

2. Second World War and the establishment of the United Nations

Impact of World War II ( 1939–1945)

• This war resulted in the death of millions of people and massive destruction.
• Nations realized that a strong global organization was needed to maintain peace and security.
• During this period, some important agreements and meetings took place , which became the foundation for the formation of the United Nations.

Major events leading to the establishment of the United Nations

(i) Atlantic Charter – 14 August 1941

• British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt jointly issued this manifesto.
• It was decided that all countries Self -determination And Calmness shall have the right to.
• This was the first glimpse of the idea of United Nations.

(ii) Declaration of the United Nations – 1 January 1942

• The United States , Britain , Russia , China and 22 other countries signed an agreement.
• in this agreement The term ” United Nations ” was used for the first time.
• All the countries have Axis Powers- Germany , Italy , Japan pledged to unite against.

(iii) Moscow Conference – 1943

• The US , Britain , Russia, and China a new international organisation agreed to establish the.

(iv) Dumbarton Oaks Conference – 21 September 1944

• This meeting took place in Washington DC, USA.
• In this, the United Nations First Draft of the Constitution ( Charter ) prepared for.

(v) Yalta Conference – 4-11 February 1945

• the US , Britain and Russia discussed that Who will get veto power in the United Nations?
• It was decided that America , Britain , Russia , China and France would be Permanent membership in the Security Council I will get it.

(vi) San Francisco Conference – 25 April 1945

• 50 countries Together they finalised the Charter of the United Nations.
• The United Nations was officially established on 24 October 1945 .
• This date is every year United Nations Day It is celebrated as.

3. Initial composition of the UN

• Headquarters: New York , US
• Founding member countries: 51 countries
• UN Secretary-General (first Secretary-General): Trygve Lie – Norway
• Permanent members of the Security Council: America , Britain , Russia , China and France

4. Expansion and modern role of the United Nations

1945–1990: The United Nations during the Cold War

• After the Second World War , the world was divided into two groups –
  • America and Western countries (NATO )
  • Soviet Union and Communist Countries ( Warsaw Pact)
• There were many conflicts between America and Russia , but the United Nations helped in averting the conflict many times.

1990-2024: The United Nations in the present day

• Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( USSR) in 1991 After that the United Nations became more active.
• Peacekeeping , counter-terrorism operations , climate change , human rights , and Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) are being worked on.
• At present , the United Nations 193 member countries Are.

5. Achievements and challenges of the United Nations

 Major achievements of the United Nations

• After World War II Success in preventing the third world war
• global peace and Conflict resolution role in
• Poverty alleviation and promotion of education
• Assistance in responding to pandemics (such as COVID-19)
• Action on climate change

 Challenges for the United Nations

• Because of the veto power in the Security Council America , Russia and China have more influence
• several conflicts (Syrian War , Afghanistan crisis) Failure to intervene effectively
• The difficulty of dealing with global terrorism

conclusion

The United Nations came into existence in 1945 after the Second World War and since then it has World peace , security and cooperation The government is working to promote the use of technology. However , it needs to be improved to make it more effective so that it can provide better solutions to the new challenges of the 21st century.

Establishment of the United Nations

Establishment of the United Nations ( UN) 24 October 1945 It was an international organization established after the Second World War . To maintain world peace , increase cooperation between countries and protect human rights It was established for the purpose of. The process of its establishment was the outcome of several important events and agreements.

Background before the establishment of the United Nations

1. First World War ( 1914-1918) and the establishment of the League of Nations

• World War I After the world peace is maintained The “League of Nations” was established in 1919 .
• This organization was based in Geneva (Switzerland) and its main objective was to prevent war between countries.
• But it had many shortcomings – America did not join it , and it failed to prevent World War II.

2. Second World War ( 1939-1945) and the need for new initiatives

• The Second World War resulted in huge loss of life and property and it became clear that The League of Nations was not effective.
• For this reason , the need was felt to create a new , more powerful organization.
• During this period, some important meetings and declarations took place , which became the foundation for the establishment of the United Nations.

Major events leading to the establishment of the United Nations

1. Atlantic Charter – 14 August 1941

• British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the president of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a manifesto.
• It said that all countries Right to peace , security and self -determination will be.
• This was the first step towards the concept of United Nations.

2. Declaration of the United Nations – 1 January 1942

• The United States , Britain , Russia , China and 22 other countries signed an agreement.
• For the first time in this announcement The term ” United Nations ” was used.
• It said that all member countries would work in mutual cooperation and would unite against the Axis Powers like Germany , Italy and Japan .

3. Moscow Conference – 1943

• The US , Britain , Russia, and China Agreed on the establishment of a new international organisation.
• This conference further strengthened the idea of the United Nations.

4. Dumbarton Oaks Conference – 21 September 1944

• This meeting took place in Washington DC, USA.
• structure and charter of the United Nations were drafted.
• In this, the outline of major organs like the Security Council and the General Assembly was decided.

5. Yalta Conference – 4-11 February 1945

• the United States , Britain and Russia met to finalize the establishment of the United Nations.
• It was decided that the Security Council There will be 5 permanent members and they will get “Veto Power”.
• These 5 countries were – America , Britain , Russia , China and France.

6. San Francisco Conference – 25 April 1945

• 50 countries Together they finalised the Charter (Constitution) of the United Nations.
• The United Nations was officially established on 24 October 1945 .
• That is why every year October 24 is celebrated as “United Nations Day”.

Initial structure of the United Nations

• United Nations Headquarters: New York , US
• Founding member countries: 51 countries
• First Secretary General: Trygve Lie – Norway
• Permanent members of the Security Council: America , Britain , Russia , China and France

The purpose of establishing the United Nations

Some of its main objectives were set out in the United Nations Charter:

1. Maintaining international peace and security.
2. To promote friendly relations among nations.
3. To cooperate in finding solutions to social , economic , cultural and humanitarian problems.
4. Protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms.
5. Preventing war and conflicts and giving priority to diplomatic solutions.

Role of the United Nations after its establishment

• 1945-1990: The main functions of the UN during the Cold War peace keeping and conflict resolution Was.
• 1991-2024: The United Nations now Human rights , environment , poverty alleviation , health and education It is also playing an active role in areas such as.
• Currently , there are 193 member countries of the United Nations. And it is the largest international organization in the world.

Significance of the establishment of the United Nations

 Success in preventing the third world war.
✅ Contribute to maintaining global peace and security.
✅ Efforts to combat
poverty , hunger and disease. ✅ Promote human rights and Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) .

conclusion

The United Nations was founded after World War II It was established with the objective of ensuring world peace and security. Its formation involved several important events and agreements , beginning with the 1941 Atlantic Charter and after 1945 San Francisco Conference It was finalised in.

Today , the United Nations It is playing an important role in preventing conflicts , increasing international cooperation and finding solutions to global challenges. However , improvements are needed to make it more effective.

Nations Charter

UN Charter It is a treaty on the basis of which Establishment of the United Nations ( UN) happened. It is a Constitutional documents , which decides how the United Nations will function , what its objectives will be and what its structure will be .

Salient features of the United Nations Charter:

• This 26 June 1945 To San Francisco Conference It was finalised in.
• 24 October 1945 It came into force on 20 November 2015 , when enough countries had ratified it .
• In this Preamble​ total including 111 Articles​ are , which 19 Chapters​ are divided into.

Key points of the United Nations Charter

1. Preamble​

Preamble of the United Nations Charter briefly states the main purpose and ideals of the organization. It states:

” We , the people of the United Nations ,”

• To save future generations from the horrors of war.
• To promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.
• To maintain faith in justice and international law.
• To promote social progress and improvement in the standard of living.
• To ensure peace , security and cooperation among all countries .

This preamble reflects the basic principles of the United Nations.

Major chapters and articles of the United Nations Charter

2. Chapter 1: Purposes and Principles [ Articles 1-2]

The four major objectives of the United Nations are described in this chapter:

1. Maintaining international peace and security.
2. To promote friendly relations among nations.
3. economic , social , cultural and humanitarian cooperation.
4. To act as a hub for achieving these objectives.

This chapter also states that all member countries must respect the objectives of the United Nations and should not use force against any other country.

3. Chapter 2: Membership [ Articles 3-6]

• basically 51 countries had signed the charter.
• Now, the United Nations 193 member countries Are.
• Any peace-loving nation can get membership , provided it follows the rules of the Charter.
• If a country acts against the objectives of the United Nations , then its membership can be withdrawn. It can be suspended or expelled .

4. Chapters 3-15: Organs of the UN [ Articles 7-91]

of the United Nations Principal Organs The details of these are given in these chapters.

(i) General Assembly – [ Articles 9-22]

• the general assembly of the united nations main policy-making body Is.
• All member countries are represented in it.
• to each country 1 vote It is available.
• decides on the organization’s budget , acceptance of new members , and other important matters.

(ii) Security Council – [ Articles 23-32]

• It is responsible for maintaining international peace and security.
• Its 15 members They consist of:
  • 5 Permanent Members – America , Russia , China , France and Britain.
  • 10 Non- Permanent Members – Who are elected every 2 years.
• Permanent members have veto power .
• takes decisions related to war , peace agreements , sanctions , and peacekeeping missions .

(iii) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – [ Articles 61-72]

• it economic , social , cultural and human rights Looks into matters connected with.
• In this 54 members Who are elected for 3 years .
• coordinates with various global organizations ( WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, IMF etc.).

(iv) Trusteeship Council – [ Articles 75-91]

• Its function was to oversee those areas that were not independent.
• In 1994 , after Palau gained independence , its functions were completed and it is now inactive.

(v) International Court of Justice (ICJ) – [ Articles 92-96]

• This World Court It is also said.
• Its headquarter The Hague (Netherlands) is in.
• It decides on international disputes and legal matters.
• Its 15 Judges​ , who are elected for 9 years by the General Assembly and the Security Council .

(vi) Secretariat – [ Articles 97-101]

• It is the United Nations’ Administrative organs Is.
• The Secretary -General is its head.
• Its headquarter New York (USA) It is located in.
• Tenure of Secretary General 5 years What happens?

5. Chapter 16-17: International Treaties and Law [ Articles 102-105]

• All treaties must be registered and published .
• The United Nations can exert pressure to implement any treaty.

6. Chapter 18-19: Amendments and Ratification of the Charter [ Articles 108-111]

• To amend the charter Consent of two-thirds ( 2/3) of the members of the General Assembly Is necessary.
• to implement the charter at least Ratification by 50 countries was needed , which was completed on 24 October 1945 .

conclusion The United Nations Charter in the world Peace , security , cooperation and human rights to maintain the Constitutional basis It is an important document that helps govern international relations and find solutions to global challenges.

Purposes of the United Nations

Establishment of the United Nations ( UN) 24 October 1945 To To maintain world peace , increase cooperation between countries and protect human rights Its objectives were achieved through its Article 1 of the Constitution ( UN Charter) It is clearly defined in.

The main objectives of the United Nations are as follows:

1. Maintaining International Peace and Security

 What is this purpose ?

The most important objective of the United Nations Ensuring peace and security globally Given the devastating effects of the Second World War ( 1939–1945) , it was necessary to ensure that no such global conflict occurred in the future.

 How does the United Nations accomplish this ?

• To stop war and promote peace talks .
• Sending of Peacekeeping Missions by the Security Council .
• Using mediation and diplomacy to resolve disputes .
• Sanctions and monitoring to prevent terrorism and proliferation of arms .

 Example:

• Korean War ( 1950–53) The United Nations intervened to restore peace.
• Israel-Palestine conflict Attempts at peace talks.
• UN Peacekeeping Forces Shipping to different countries.

2. Developing Friendly Relations Among Nations

 What is this purpose ?

United Nations Promote cooperation and friendship among member countries wants to give , in order to prevent conflicts and increase mutual trust.

 How does the United Nations accomplish this ?

• Connecting countries through dialogue and diplomacy .
• Giving equal opportunities to all countries in the United Nations General Assembly .
• Promoting cooperation in culture , education , science and trade.
• To help end colonialism .

 Example:

• Helping African countries gain independence in the 1960s .
• Attempts to negotiate a solution to the India-Pakistan conflicts.
• Support to the Non -Aligned Movement .

3. Achieving International Cooperation and Solving Global Problems

 What is this purpose ?

United Nations Solution of social , economic , cultural and human problems Promotes cooperation among Member States to remove.

 How does the United Nations accomplish this ?

• Working on issues of poverty , hunger , health , education and environment.
• Providing assistance through international organizations.
• Providing economic assistance to developing countries.

 Example:

• United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP) – To eradicate poverty.
• World Health Organization ( WHO) – for epidemics and health services.
• United Nations Children’s Fund ( UNICEF) – for children’s rights and education.
• United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP) – To combat climate change.

4. Promoting Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

 What is this purpose ?

a main objective of the United Nations Ensuring the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms around the world Is.

 How does the United Nations accomplish this ?

• Adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 .
• women , children and minorities.
• Providing aid to refugees and war victims.
• Preventing human trafficking and child labour .

 Example:

• Role in ending apartheid in South Africa .
• Helping Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.
• Relief to war victims in Syria and Afghanistan.

5. Promote global development and Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs)

 What is this purpose ?

Purpose of the United Nations To save the world from poverty , hunger , illiteracy and environmental crisis So that equal opportunities and better life can be ensured for all.

 How does the United Nations accomplish this ?

• Launch of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) in 2015 .
• Environmental protection and action on climate change.
• Ensuring availability of clean energy , water , food and education.

 Example:

• Paris Climate Agreement 2015 .
• Clean Water and Sanitation Program.
• To promote quality education for all.

Summary table of UN objectives

conclusion

Objectives of the United Nations Promoting world peace , security , cooperation , human rights and sustainable development This organization works in various fields to make the world more equitable and stable. These objectives of the United Nations are as relevant in the 21st century as they were in 1945. However , reforms are needed to make it more effective.

Principal Organs of the United Nations

Principal Organs of the United Nations

the United Nations ( UN) is based on six main organs , which carry out various tasks. These organs Chapter III and Article 7 of the United Nations Charter are mentioned in.

Apart from these six main organs , there are many other agencies and bodies of the United Nations , but they basically work under these main organs.

6 main organs of the United Nations

1. General Assembly

 Introduction

• to the General Assembly ” Parliament of the United Nations” It is said.
• All in it 193 member countries is represented.
• to each country 1 vote It is available.

 Main functions

• Determining policies for the entire United Nations.
• Approving the budget and programmes of the United Nations.
• To recommend the admission of new members and to appoint the General Secretary.
• To discuss international peace and security.

 session of the general assembly

• of the General Assembly Meeting every year in September It takes place in New York.
• Speeches are given by global leaders in this.

 How are important decisions taken ?

• In normal cases- By simple majority .
• important matters (peace , security , budget) – By a two-thirds ( 2/3) majority.

2. Security Council

 Introduction

• It is the most powerful organ of the United Nations.
• Its main function maintaining international peace and security Is.
• The total in this 15 members They consist of:
  • 5 permanent members- America , Russia , China , France and Britain .
  • 10 Non -Permanent members – who are elected for 2 years.

 Main functions

• War and Taking steps to prevent conflict.
• Sending Peacekeeping Missions .
• To impose sanctions .
• To recommend military assistance to other countries.

 Veto Power

• of the Security Council 5 permanent members any offer to You can veto , that is, you can stop it .
• this power is only Permanent members Only it is received by.

 How are important decisions taken ?

• to pass a resolution 9 votes are necessary.
• But if a permanent member vetoes the proposal , the proposal is rejected.

 Example

• The US did not seek approval from the Security Council on the Iraq War ( 2003) .
• Discussion is going on about granting permanent membership to India.

3. Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC)

 Introduction

• It is the United Nations’ The organ that deals with economic , social , cultural and human rights related issues Is.
• In this 54 members There are those , who Is elected for 3 years.

 Main functions

• To eradicate poverty and promote sustainable development.
• Working on issues related to health , education and environment.
• Coordinating with organizations such as UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, and ILO .

 Important organizations that ECOSOC is affiliated with:

• World Health Organization ( WHO)
• United Nations Children’s Fund ( UNICEF)
• United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP)
• United Nations Refugee Agency ( UNHCR)

4. Trusteeship Council

 Introduction

• It was created to administer those areas which were not independent .
• After the last trust territory (Palau) became independent in 1994 , it It became inactive .

5. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

 Introduction

• This ” The World Court” It is also called.
• It is the United Nations’ Main judicial organs Is.
• Its headquarter The Hague , Netherlands is in.

 Main functions

• Resolving legal disputes between countries.
• Providing legal advice to the United Nations.
• Interpreting international laws.

 Number of Judges

• In this There are 15 judges , appointed by the General Assembly and the Security Council Is elected for 9 years.

 Example

• Kulbhushan Jadhav case between India and Pakistan.
• Hearing on the Ukraine vs. Russia case.

6. Secretariat​

 Introduction

• it administrative organ of the united nations Is.
• leading off Secretary -General We do.
• Tenure of Secretary General 5 years What happens?

 Main functions

• To conduct all activities of the United Nations.
• Managing peace missions.
• Implementation of decisions of the Security Council and the General Assembly.

 Current Secretary General

• Current Secretary General Antonio Guterres Are.

United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

United Nations Security Council ( UNSC) is the most powerful and effective organ of the United Nations Its main purpose is maintaining international peace and security This council takes important decisions in matters related to war , conflict , terrorism and global peace.

Establishment:

• 24 October 1945 The Security Council was established along with the United Nations on 10 June 1915.
• it Mentioned in Chapter V of the UN Charter Is.

Headquarters:

• New York , US

of UNSC

total in the security council 15 members They consist of:

🔹 1. Permanent members – 5 countries

These 5 countries have Veto power​ it occurs.

1. America ( USA)
2. Russia​
3. China​
4. France​
5. Britain ( United Kingdom – UK)

What is veto power ?

• If a permanent member rejects a proposal If the member rejects the proposal , then the proposal cannot be passed even if all the other members support it.
• this power is only only available to permanent members Is.
• Example: Proposal for India’s permanent membership China vetoed it .

🔹 2. Non -Permanent members – 10 countries

• These Elected by the General Assembly for a term of 2 years.
• every year 5 new countries are selected .
• They are selected from different continents to maintain regional balance.

 Current temporary members ( for 2024–2025 ):

( Changes every two years , so this information may be updated.)

Main functions of the United Nations Security Council ( Functions of UNSC)

1. Maintaining International Peace and Security

• Between countries preventing conflict and war attempt to.
• If a dispute escalates , the Security Council Mediation can be done .

Example:

• The Security Council intervened in the Indo-Pakistani wars ( 1947, 1965, 1971) .
• Discussion on the Russia–Ukraine war ( 2022) .

2. Sending Peacekeeping Missions

• if in a country If a situation of war or civil war arises , the Security Council can send peacekeepers there .

Example:

• Peacekeeping forces were deployed in Congo , Sudan , Somalia , Syria.

3. Approving military actions

• If any country adopts an aggressive attitude , then UNSC takes action against it. could allow military action.

Example:

• Military action to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991 .
• Allowing military attack on Libya in 2011 .

4. Imposing sanctions​

• UNSC on any country Economic , trade or military sanctions Can apply it.
• it Preventing violations of international laws It is done for.

Example:

• Sanctions on North Korea because of its nuclear weapons.
• Economic sanctions on Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine.

5. Counter -Terrorism Actions

• Security Council Creates laws and strategies to prevent global terrorism.
• several terrorist organisations is put in the blacklist .

Example:

• Ban on Al-Qaeda and ISIS.
• Declaring Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed as global terrorist organisations.

Decision-Making Process in UNSC

 Conditions for passing the resolution:

• Total Support of at least 9 out of 15 members It is necessary.
• Any permanent member can veto , causing the proposal to fall.

 How does the veto power work ?

• If a proposal is brought before the Security Council and China , Russia , America , Britain or France If it is rejected , then the proposal cannot be passed.

Example:

• 2019 , China put forward a proposal against India on the Kashmir issue , but it was rejected by other countries.
• Russia vetoed any resolution against itself on the Russia–Ukraine war.

India and the United Nations Security Council ( India & UNSC)

1. India as a non-permanent member

• India Has been a temporary member 8 times (2021-2022, 2011-2012, 1991-1992, etc.).
• 2021-2022 , India Peace , counter-terrorism action and global health security But emphasized.

2. Demand for India’s permanent membership

• India is the world’s largest democracy and fifth largest economy.
• India at the United Nations It is the largest Peacekeeper contributor .
• But China is against India’s permanent membership He protests.

Countries supporting India’s demand:
✔ America , Russia , France , Britain

Opposing country:
❌ China

Conclusion​

United Nations Security Council the most powerful organization in the world , which ensures global peace , security and stability. However , disputes related to veto power and permanent membership This shows the need to improve it.

The main points in brief:15 members – 5 permanent + 10 temporary
✅ Permanent members have veto
power✅ War , terrorism , peace making , sanctions
India is eligible for permanent membership , but China is opposing.

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

To the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) ” Parliament of the United Nations” It is called the most prominent and democratic organ of the United Nations ( UN) , in which all member countries participate equally.

Establishment and Headquarters of the General Assembly

• Founded: 24 October 1945 ( under the United Nations Charter)
• Headquarters: New York , US

of UNGA

🔹 1. Membership​

• In the General Assembly All 193 member countries of the United Nations are included.
• to each country Equally 1 vote It is available , whether it is big or small.

🔹 2. Sessions​

• of the General Assembly Annual Session every year in September it occurs.
• Special sessions and emergency sessions can also be called.

🔹 3. President ( President of General Assembly – PGA)

• The President of the General Assembly ( PGA) changes every year and can be elected from any member country.
• The tenure of the Chairman is one year.

Main functions of the General Assembly ( Functions of UNGA)

1. Global Policy- Making

• The General Assembly discusses various international issues Makes policies and passes resolutions .
• are not legally binding , but they are Global Impact It happens.

Example:

• Agreement on Climate Change .
• SDGs) of the United Nations .

2. Appointment of UN Secretary-General

• The General Assembly , on the recommendation of the Security Council Appoints the United Nations Secretary-General ( UN Secretary-General) .

Current Secretary General:

• Antonio Guterres – Portugal

3. Budget Approval and Financial Functions

• General Assembly Approves the budget of the United Nations .
• All member countries have their They give financial contribution as per their financial status .
• The General Assembly also oversees the financial management of UN Peacekeeping Operations .

4. Admission of New Members

• The approval of the General Assembly is required to admit new countries into the United Nations.
• The General Assembly grants membership only on the basis of the recommendation of the Security Council.

Example:

• in 2011 Palestine got the status of Observer State .
• 1945 , India became a member of the United Nations. Became a founding member .

5. Discussion on Peace and Security Issues

• The General Assembly can discuss matters related to international conflicts and the maintenance of peace.
• However , the main power to take decisions related to international peace and security lies with the Security Council ( UNSC) .

6. Promoting Human Rights and Social Development

• General Assembly Human rights , refugees , women and children’s rights , and poverty alleviation works on issues related to.
• it United Nations Human Rights Council ( UNHRC) Like it gives guidelines to organizations.

Example:

• In 1948 the General Assembly ” Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)” was adopted.

Decision-Making Process in UNGA

 How are decisions taken ?

• All proposals in the General Assembly It is passed through voting .
• Decisions are taken in two ways:
  1. Simple Majority : In normal cases, support of more than half the countries is required.
  2. Two-Thirds Majority : for important matters (peace , security , membership , budget) Support from 2/3 countries It is necessary.

 General Assembly and Veto Power

• Next to the General Assembly There is no veto power ( only the permanent members of the Security Council have veto power).
• The recommendations of the General Assembly are not legally binding , but they are Political and moral implications It is very big.

Important Resolutions of UNGA

India and the United Nations General Assembly ( India & UNGA)

1. India is a founding member of the UNGA

• India was a member of the United Nations General Assembly in 1945 was a founding member.
• India has been actively participating in various resolutions and policies of the General Assembly.

2. Major issues raised by India in the General Assembly

• The Global Fight Against Terrorism.
• UN Reforms and India’s permanent membership in the Security Council.
• Emphasis on climate change and Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) .
• India’s stand on the Kashmir issue.

3. India’s leadership in the General Assembly

• In 1953 , Dr. Vijayalakshmi Pandit of the United Nations General Assembly first woman president became.

Conclusion​

United Nations General Assembly It is the largest platform for global policies and international cooperation. it Peace , Security , Human Rights , Development and Environment Discusses important topics such as.

The main points in brief:All 193 countries of the UN are members of the General Assembly.
✅ Every country has 1 vote.
✅ It performs functions such as appointing the general secretary , adding new members , passing the budget.
✅ India is a prominent member of the General Assembly.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

International Court of Justice ( ICJ) is the main judicial organ of the United Nations it is. ” The World Court” It is also called the main purpose of Resolving disputes between countries based on international laws And Providing legal advice to various organs of the United Nations Is.

 Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 26 June 1945 ( under the United Nations Charter)
• Start of work: 18 April 1946
• Headquarters: The Hague , Netherlands

 Structure of International Court of Justice ( ICJ)

🔹 1. Number and tenure of judges

• In court There are 15 judges .
• these judges Elected by the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) and Security Council ( UNSC) .
• Tenure of Judges is of 9 years and every 3 years 5 judges are elected .
• Any judge can be re-elected.

🔹 2. Chairman and Vice Chairman

• In court There is a President and a Vice -President , whose tenure is It is for 3 years .

🔹 3. Official languages of the Court

• English and French .​

 Main functions of the International Court of Justice ( Functions of ICJ)

1. Settling Legal Disputes Between Countries

• This court is only Disputes between countries It hears cases of individuals or organizations , not of lawyers.
• to both countries It is mandatory to accept the decision of ICJ .

 Example:

• India vs Pakistan ( Kulbhushan Jadhav Case, 2017-2019) : India had filed a case against Pakistan for not giving consular access to Kulbhushan Jadhav , in which ICJ ruled in favor of India.
• Nicaragua v. United States ( 1986) : Nicaragua accused the US of violating its sovereignty. The ICJ held the US guilty , but the US did not accept the verdict.

2. Providing legal advice to UN organs ( Advisory Opinions to UN Bodies)

• The ICJ provides legal advice to the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) and Security Council ( UNSC) .
• This advice is not binding , but it The importance is very high.

 Example:

• ICJ opinion on Palestine ( 2004) : The Court held that the security wall built by Israel was a violation of international law.

📌 How is a case filed in ICJ ?

1️ ⃣ Consent of countries required:

• The Court hears only those cases where both countries agree to it. accept the jurisdiction .

2️ ⃣ The United Nations General Assembly or Security Council may refer the matter.

3️ ⃣ Any member country can file a case directly in the ICJ .

📌 Difference between ICJ and other international courts

 India and International Court of Justice ( India & ICJ)

1. India’s participation

• India It is a founding member of the United Nations , and hence is also a member of the ICJ .
• Many cases of India have gone to ICJ .

2. Major cases of India in ICJ

 Kulbhushan Jadhav case ( 2017–2019)

• Pakistan released Kulbhushan Jadhav Accused of espionage and sentenced to death .
• India filed a case against Pakistan in the ICJ and Objected to not being given consular access .
• The ICJ ordered Pakistan to Give consular access to Kulbhushan Jadhav and stop his hanging.

 Portugal v India ( 1960)

• Portugal accused India of forcibly annexing Daman and Dadra Nagar Haveli (near Goa ).
• The ICJ ruled in favour of India.

📌 Process of implementation of ICJ decisions

• ICJ rulings Are binding under international law .
• If a country does not accept the decision of ICJ , then the case It is sent to the United Nations Security Council ( UNSC) .
• However , if any permanent member ( P5) uses veto power , it becomes difficult to implement the decision.

 Example:

• The US did not accept the ICJ ‘s decision in the Nicaragua case ( 1986) , and used its veto power in the UNSC to overturn it.

📌 Limitations of ICJ

 The consent of the countries is necessary.
❌ There is no power to enforce
ICJ decisions. ❌ Permanent members of the Security Council can neutralise decisions by using their veto power.

 Conclusion​

The International Court of Justice ( ICJ) is the most important judicial organ of the United Nations , which resolves legal disputes between countries and provides legal advice to the United Nations. However , it does not have the power to enforce its decisions , which sometimes leads to disputed decisions not being implemented.

The main points in brief:Located in The Hague (Netherlands).
✅ There are 15 judges , whose tenure is 9 years.
✅ Only countries ( States) can file cases.
✅ ICJ ‘s decisions are binding , but it has no power to enforce them.
✅ India has filed cases in ICJ several times (like Kulbhushan Jadhav case).

Nations Secretariat

United Nations Secretariat ( UN Secretariat) is the administrative organ of the United Nations ( UN) It is the responsibility of the organization Is responsible for daily operations , implementing policies , and administering various programs. The Secretariat is headed by the United Nations Secretary-General .

 Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 24 October 1945 ( under the United Nations Charter)
• Headquarters: New York , US
• Other offices: Geneva (Switzerland) , Vienna (Austria) , Nairobi (Kenya)

 Structure of UN Secretariat

🔹 1. Secretary -General

• The Secretary General is the Chief Administrator of the United Nations .
• This Appointed by the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) on the recommendation of the Security Council ( UNSC) .
• Tenure: 5 years , and re-election is possible.

 Current Secretary General:

• Antonio Guterres – Portugal ( 2017 to present)

🔹 2. Under -Secretaries-General

• The Secretary General has been advised in various fields Under -Secretaries-General and other officers provide assistance.
• These are implemented through various departments.

🔹 3. Main Offices & Departments of UN Secretariat

 Functions of UN Secretary-General

1. Implementation of UN Policies

• The Secretary-General implements the rules and resolutions made by the United Nations It plays an important role in its implementation in various countries.
• Works on areas like climate change , human rights , peace building , sustainable development ( Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs) .

2. Maintaining Peace & Security

• Secretary General for International Peace Deploys and operates United Nations Peacekeeping Forces .
• in countries in crisis Provides mediation and peace talks .

 Example:

• During the Russia–Ukraine war in 2022 initiative for peace talks.
• In African countries Deployment of UN peacekeeping missions.

3. Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief

• Secretary-General to provide assistance in natural disasters and humanitarian crises Gives directions to UN agencies (eg WFP, WHO, UNICEF) .

 Example:

• Humanitarian aid following the 2015 earthquake in Nepal .
• Relief operations during the refugee crisis in Syria.

4. Mediation in International Disputes

• Secretary-General communicates with each country Helps in resolving disputes through diplomatic talks.

 Example:

• Peace talks initiative in the Israel-Palestine conflict.
• Appeal for mediation on Kashmir issue between India and Pakistan.

5. Global Awareness Campaigns

• General Secretary Runs awareness campaigns for environmental protection , climate change , sustainable development and human rights.
• it Conducts global programmes in collaboration with UN agencies (e.g. UNEP, UNDP, WHO) .

 Example:

• Important role in implementing the Paris Agreement on Climate Change .
• An initiative to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) by 2030 .

 Selection Process of UN Secretary-General

1️ ⃣ The United Nations Security Council ( UNSC) recommends a qualified candidate.
2️ ⃣ The United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) approves the recommendation.
3️⃣ The tenure of the elected General Secretary is for 5 years.

 List of UN Secretary-Generals till date

 India and United Nations Secretariat ( India & UN Secretariat)

1. India’s role

• India actively participates in various programmes and policies of the United Nations Secretariat .
• India It is one of the countries sending the largest number of troops to peacekeeping missions.

2. Indian citizens who held high positions in the United Nations Secretariat

• Shashi Tharoor: Was a candidate for the post of United Nations Secretary General in 2001 .
• Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar: He has been India’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations.

 Challenges of UN Secretariat

 Greater influence of big powers (such as the US , China , Russia).
❌ Limited powers of the Secretary General (can only recommend , cannot give orders).
❌ Financial crisis – Problem of non-repayment of aid by many countries.

 Conclusion​

The United Nations Secretariat ( UN Secretariat) is the administrative and implementation organ of the United Nations , which works under the leadership of the Secretary General. Its objective is to Global peace , sustainable development , humanitarian aid and enforcement of international laws.

The main points in brief:The General Secretary is its head.
✅ It conducts all the administrative work of
the UN . ✅ Provides
peace , security , sustainable development and humanitarian assistance. ✅ India is an active member and participates in many missions.

Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC)

Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC)

of the United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC) is a major organ of the United Nations , which Coordinates global economic , social , environmental and human rights policies. It is the United Nations Works to achieve development goals and promote cooperation among member countries.

 Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 1945 ( under the United Nations Charter)
• Headquarters: New York , US
• Other offices: Geneva, Switzerland)

 Structure of ECOSOC

Total in ECOSOC 54 member countries There are those , who United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) By Is elected for a term of three years. Each year the Council 18 member changes.

1. President​

• of ECOSOC A new president is elected every year.
• tenure of the chairman 1 year What happens?
• Responsibility of the Chairman of the Council Conducting meetings and implementing action plans it occurs.

 Current president ( 2024): Claude Hellie (France)

2. Member Countries

• to member countries United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA) is selected by.
• Selection of member countries Geographic basis But, it is done:
  • From Africa: 14 countries
  • From Asia-Pacific: 11 countries
  • From Eastern Europe: 6 countries
  • From Latin America and the Caribbean: 10 countries
  • From Western Europe and other regions: 13 countries

 Main functions of the Economic and Social Council ( Functions of ECOSOC)

1. Economic Growth & Sustainable Development

• of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) monitors the implementation of.
• Provides economic policy making and support to developing countries.

 Example:

• By 2030 Poverty eradication And development of sustainable energy Emphasis on.

2. International Economic Cooperation

• Works on international trade , industrialization and financial stability.
• Formulates policies to tackle global economic crises.

 Example:

• Economic recovery plans during the COVID -19 pandemic.

3. Social & Human Rights Issues

• Promotes education , health , employment , women’s empowerment , and human rights.
• UNICEF , UNESCO , WHO​ It works in collaboration with agencies such as.

 Example:

• Special focus on gender equality and women empowerment .
• Formulating policies to protect international human rights.

4. Environment and Climate Change

• climate change , biodiversity conservation and sustainable energy sources.
• It supports the United Nations Environment Programme ( UNEP) and the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change .

 Example:

• Initiatives to reduce carbon emissions and promote renewable energy.

5. Support to Developing Nations

• to developing countries Financial assistance and technical cooperation provides.
• Works for poverty alleviation and development of infrastructure.

 Example:

• Assistance for infrastructure development in Africa and Asia.

 Specialized Agencies Under ECOSOC

 India and ECOSOC (India & ECOSOC)

1. India’s role

• India Active member of ECOSOC and contributes to various programmes.
• India has Has played an important role in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) .

2. Suggestions given by India in ECOSOC

• Emphasis on poverty alleviation and sustainable development.
• Focusing on climate change and renewable energy.

 Example:

• India leads the International Solar Alliance .
• In India “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” and “Ayushman Bharat Yojana” are in line with the objectives of ECOSOC .

📌 Challenges of ECOSOC

 Economic inequality between developed and developing countries.
❌ Lack of adequate financial resources.
❌ Excessive influence of a few countries , due to which the issues of smaller countries remain ignored.
❌ Slow progress in meeting climate change and sustainable development goals.

 Conclusion​

of the United Nations Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC) It is an important platform for global economic and social development. It Works on issues such as aid to developing countries , sustainable development , human rights , health , education and climate change.

The main points in brief:

 ECOSOC has 54 member countries.
✅ Coordinates global economic and social policies.
✅ Works with
various UN agencies like WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF . ✅ India actively participates in it and emphasizes on sustainable development.

The United Nations Trusteeship Council

The United Nations Trusteeship Council was a major organ of the United Nations , whose purpose was to oversee the administration of territories that were not internationally recognized. Trust Territories Its goal was to help these territories achieve independence and self -determination .

However , all protected areas have become independent , so This council has been inactive since 1994 .

 Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 1945 ( under the United Nations Charter , Chapter 13)
• Headquarters: New York , US

 Objective of Trusteeship Council

1. To look after the administrative work of Trust Territories .
2. Monitoring the progress in these areas.
3. Guiding local populations toward self-determination and independence.
4. Ensuring human rights and socio-economic development.

 Trust Territories and their independence

The Trusteeship Council after World War II 11 trust areas which were previously under the protection of the League of Nations . All these territories were Independence was achieved between 1970-1994 .

 Structure of Trusteeship Council

Initially it is in 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ( UNSC) And representatives from other countries were included.

 Current structure ( Since 1994):

• 5 permanent members of the United Nations Security Council :
  • America 🇺🇸
  • Britain 🇬🇧
  • France 🇫🇷
  • Russia 🇷🇺
  • China 🇨🇳

Since all the trust territories have become independent , This council now meets only as necessary.

 Functions of Trusteeship Council

1. Supervision of Trust Territories

• The trustee used to review the administrative progress of the areas.
• It helped the people there to become politically , economically and socially independent.

2. Promoting Self -Governance & Independence

• This ensured that the protected area could become independent turn into independent nations or autonomous regions.

3. Focus on Human Rights & Development

• in the area Education , health and economic development I would make sure.

📌 Status of Trustee Council after 1994

 After Palau ‘s independence ( 1994) , the Trusteeship Council’s purpose was fulfilled.
✅ now this council is inactive And calls a meeting only under special circumstances.
✅ At present it is It may seek a new role after amending the United Nations Charter.

 India & Trusteeship Council

• India was not a member of the Trusteeship Council , as it had never been a trustee territory.
• But India has always End of colonial rule and right to self-determination Supported.

 Conclusion​

The United Nations Trusteeship Council ( UN Trusteeship Council ) It played a key role in the end of colonial rule and the independence of the protected areas. After completing its final task in 1994 , it became inactive and now functions only as needed.

The main points in brief:

 Established in 1945 , inactive since 1994.
✅ Its main task was to ensure the independence of protected areas.
✅ Now it meets only under special circumstances.

United Nations Specialized Agencies

The United Nations ( UN) is an international organization whose main objective is to Promoting global peace , security , protection of human rights , and socio-economic development To make it work effectively , there are many organizations under the United Nations. Specialized Agencies These agencies are working to tackle global challenges such as health , education , labour , agriculture , environment , industrial development and financial stability etc., works in the areas of

In this article, we will present a detailed description of the major agencies of the United Nations.

Major agencies of the United Nations and their functions

1. World Health Organization ( WHO)

• Founded: 7 April 1948
• Headquarters: Geneva , Switzerland
• Main functions:
  • Formulating and implementing global health policy.
  • Prevention and control of diseases.
  • Health Research and Development.
  • Dealing with epidemics and emergency health situations.

 key initiatives: WHO provided vaccination and medical guidelines during the COVID- 19 pandemic.

2. United Nations Children ‘s Fund (UNICEF)

• Founded: 11 December 1946
• Headquarters: New York , US
• Main functions:
  • Protecting the rights of children.
  • Providing education , nutrition and health facilities.
  • Eliminating child labour and exploitation.
  • Clean water and sanitation programs in developing countries.
  • Emergency assistance program for children.

 key initiatives:

• Polio Eradication Campaign – UNICEF played a vital role in the eradication of diseases like polio.
• Maternal and Child Nutrition Programme – Nutrition campaign for infants and mothers.
• ‘ Better Start , Brighter Future’ campaign – a scheme to provide education and health services to children.

3. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

• Founded: 16 October 1945
• Headquarters: Rome , Italy
• Main functions:
  • Global food security and nutrition improvement.
  • Sustainable agricultural development and conservation of resources.
  • Assistance during natural calamities and famines.

 Key Initiatives: ‘ Zero Hunger’ Programme .

4. United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO)

• Founded: 16 November 1945
• Headquarters: Paris , France
• Main functions:
  • To promote education.
  • Preservation of cultural heritage.
  • Promotion of scientific and technological development.

 key initiatives: Conservation of World Heritage Sites .

conclusion

These specialized agencies of the United Nations work globally health , education , trade , environment , industrial development , food security and financial stability plays an important role in maintaining it.

 Influence of UN Agencies:  Epidemic control and vaccination campaigns.
✅ Global prosperity through education and science.
✅ Measures to deal with food and water crisis.
✅ Financial stability and poverty alleviation.

These agencies help solve global problems. Significant contributions and works for the welfare of humanity.

Edited I have added detailed information about UNICEF. If you need any further corrections or additional information , please let me know! 😊

World Health Organization ( WHO)

The World Health Organization ( WHO) is a major agency of the United Nations , which leads global health matters. Its objective is to International public health To promote and develop policy for the prevention , monitoring, and treatment of diseases worldwide .

Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 7 April 1948
• Headquarters: Geneva , Switzerland
• Slogan: ” Health for All “

Main functions and objectives

The main objective of WHO Providing the best healthcare facilities to all people across the world Under this the organization performs the following functions:

1. Prevention and elimination of diseases: To campaign against infectious diseases like polio , malaria , tuberculosis , HIV/AIDS.
2. Vaccination programmes: WHO promotes vaccination globally , such as Polio eradication and COVID -19 vaccination .
3. Health Policy Making: Providing guidance to various countries in health policies and planning.
4. Surveillance of Epidemics: Issuing guidelines during epidemics and health emergencies , such as COVID -19, Ebola , Swine Flu .
5. Mental health improvements: Raising awareness about mental health problems and running programs for its treatment.
6. Hygiene and Nutrition: Promoting clean drinking water , nutrition and sanitation worldwide .
7. Health Research: To promote research on new diseases and medical methods.

Significant Initiatives and Programs

1. Polio Eradication Programme – Polio has been eradicated in many countries due to the efforts of WHO .
2. COVID -19 pandemic response – WHO issued global health guidelines and helped with vaccine distribution during the pandemic.
3. Tobacco Control Treaty – To spread awareness about smoking and diseases caused by tobacco.
4. HIV/AIDS control programmes – awareness and treatment plans to combat AIDS.
5. Malaria Control Programme – Promoting the use of medicines and mosquito nets to eliminate malaria.

Major organizational bodies of WHO

1. World Health Assembly ( WHA): It is the highest policy-making body of WHO , in which all member countries participate.
2. Executive Board : It monitors the functioning of WHO .
3. Director -General: The chief officer of WHO , who leads the organization. Currently ( till 2025 ) Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus Its Director General is.

conclusion

The World Health Organization is playing a vital role in global health improvement. Its efforts have controlled many epidemics , and improved health facilities around the world. WHO aims to make healthcare accessible to all by 2030 .

UNESCO – United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNESCO ( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) It is a major agency of the United Nations , whose purpose is to Promoting global peace and cooperation through education , science , culture, and communication This organization is development of the education system , protection of cultural heritage , scientific research and freedom of expression Encourages to.

Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 16 November 1945
• Headquarters: Paris , France
• Member countries: 193 member countries and 11 associate members

Main objectives of UNESCO

1. Promoting education:
   • To ensure quality education for all.
   • Incorporation of innovation and technology in the education system.
   • Increasing gender equality and literacy rates.
2. Culture and Heritage Conservation:
   • Identification and conservation of World Heritage sites.
   • Preserving cultural diversity and traditions.
   • Protection of historical monuments and natural heritage.
3. Scientific Research and Innovation:
   • To promote scientific research for sustainable development and environmental protection.
   • Formulating policies to tackle climate change.
   • To promote science and technical education.
4. Media and dissemination of information:
   • Promoting freedom of expression and freedom of the press.
   • Raising awareness on digitisation and cyber security.
   • Ensuring access to information for all.

Major UNESCO initiatives and programmes

1. World Heritage Program :
   • historical , cultural and natural sites in the World Heritage List.
   • Of India Taj Mahal , Qutub Minar , Ajanta-Ellora Caves , and Sunderbans National Park This list includes.
2. Education for Sustainable Development ( ESD):
   • Promoting education under Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) .
3. International Mother Language Day :
   • It is celebrated on 21 February to promote linguistic diversity .
4. Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity:
   • folk dances , traditional music , arts and cultures.
5. Free expression and freedom of journalism:
   • Promoting freedom of the press and media.
   • Ensuring digital literacy and internet freedom.

UNESCO World Heritage List and India

More than 40 sites in India are listed on UNESCO’s list World Heritage List These include:
✅ ✅ The Taj Mahal (Uttar Pradesh)
 Qutub Minar (Delhi)
✅ Ajanta and Ellora Caves (Maharashtra)
✅ Sunderbans National Park (West Bengal)
✅ Kaziranga National Park (Assam)

conclusion

through education , culture and science Striving to make the world a better and more prosperous place Its various schemes and programmes Global peace , sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage play an important role in.

International Monetary Fund ( IMF)

International Monetary Fund ( IMF) It is a global financial organisation that Maintaining international economic stability , facilitating global trade and combating financial crises The main function of the IMF is to help Monitoring the economic policies of different countries , providing them financial assistance and giving technical guidance for economic reforms Is.

Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 27 December 1945 ( under the Bretton Woods Conference)
• Headquarters: Washington , D.C. , United States
• Member countries: 190 countries (India became a member in 1947 )

Main objectives of the IMF

1. Maintaining global financial stability.
2. To ensure stability of exchange rates .
3. Providing loans to developing countries to overcome economic crisis.
4. Promoting international trade and reducing barriers.
5. To analyse the monetary and fiscal policies of different countries.
6. To assist in policy making to reduce inflation , unemployment and poverty.

Functioning and structure of IMF

The main decision making body of the IMF Executive Board which is chaired by the IMF Managing Director We do.

1. executive Board:
   • It has 24 members , representing different countries.
   • It approves IMF policies and financial assistance.
2. Director General of IMF :
   • He is the chief officer of the IMF .
   • Currently ( till 2025 ) Kristalina Georgieva is the Director-General of the IMF .
3. Financial Resources of IMF :
   • IMF funds is the contributions ( quotas) of its member countries .
   • IMF has a system of Special Drawing Rights (SDR) , through which member countries can exchange currencies.

Assistance provided by the IMF

The IMF provides mainly three types of assistance to member countries:

1. Financial Assistance :
   • When a country is in economic crisis , IMF provides it loan.
   • Example: India received a loan from the IMF during the economic crisis of 1991 .
2. Technical Assistance :
   • The IMF is providing Financial policies , banking system , tax system and economic planning Gives guidance in.
3. Surveillance :
   • The IMF is a global platform for providing online education to different countries. Review of Economy and Financial Policies and publishes reports.

Major initiatives and programmes of the IMF

1. Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility ( PRGF): To give economic aid to developing countries.
2. IMF Special Drawing Rights ( SDR): It is an international monetary asset , used to provide additional financial resources to IMF member countries.
3. Economic Reform and Stabilization Programs: IMF in Different Countries To reduce inflation , control fiscal deficit and implement structural reforms It helps in.

IMF and India

• India became a member of the IMF in 1947 .
• Economic crisis of 1991 During the IMF gave India US$ 3.9 billion had given assistance to.
• IMF Reserve Bank of India ( RBI) and the Indian Government fiscal and monetary policies Gives advice in relation to.

Criticism and challenges of IMF

1. IMF loan programmes could impact the country’s economic sovereignty.
2. Developing countries are forced to implement drastic economic reforms.
3. IMF policies are sometimes not in the interest of poor countries.
4. Developed countries (especially America and European countries) have greater influence in the IMF .

conclusion

The IMF is an important global financial organisation , which International economic stability , trade , and financial aid plays a major role in. However , it is more Need to adopt balanced and inclusive financial policies so that all countries can benefit equally.

World Bank

World Bank It is an international financial organisation that Provides economic aid , loans and technical guidance to developing countries . Its main purpose Poverty alleviation , infrastructure development , economic reform and sustainable development to promote.

Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 1944 ( during the Bretton Woods Conference)
• Headquarters: Washington , D.C. , United States
• Member countries: 189 countries (India member since 1945 )

Structure of the World Bank Group

The World Bank Group is made up of five institutions:

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD):
   • Provides loans and aid to middle-income and poor countries.
2. International Development Association ( IDA):
   • Gives interest-free loans and grants to the poorest countries.
3. International Finance Corporation ( IFC):
   • Promotes private sector growth and investment.
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA):
   • Provides guarantees and insurance to protect investors from political risks.
5. International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID):
   • Resolves disputes between investors and governments.

Objectives of the World Bank

1. To eradicate poverty and promote economic development.
2. infrastructure (roads , electricity , water supply , education , health).
3. Encouraging financial stability and investment.
4. Sustainable development of natural resources.
5. Providing technical and financial assistance to developing countries.

Methodology and financial support

• The World Bank is a member country Long term loans and grants at low interest rates provides.
• It assesses the economic condition of countries and makes appropriate decisions according to their needs. Financial assistance and technical guidance Gives.
• its chief Financial resources contributed by member countries , international capital markets and investments Are.

Significant Projects and Programs

1. ‘ Education for All Initiative’:
   • Improve global education and provide financial support to send children to school.
2. ‘ Clean Water and Sanitation Program’ :
   • Improvement of clean water and drainage systems in developing countries.
3. ‘ Green Energy Project’ :
   • Development of renewable energy sources and measures to combat climate change.
4. ‘ Sustainable Agriculture Development’ :
   • Financial aid and modern technology support to farmers.

India and the World Bank

• India became a member of the World Bank in 1945 .
• The World Bank has financed many important projects in India , such as:
  • Rural Road Development Scheme.
  • Ganga Cleanliness Mission.
  • National Solar Energy Mission.
  • Climate change adaptation projects.
• World Bank to provide $ 1 billion aid to India in 2023 was given for infrastructure development.

Criticism and Challenges of the World Bank

1. Danger of increasing debt burden on developing countries.
2. Greater influence of developed countries (especially the US) on policies.
3. Criticism for ignoring environmental impact in many projects.
4. Complicated procedures for obtaining a loan.

conclusion

World Bank Plays a major role in promoting global economic growth , poverty eradication and sustainable development. However , it Need to give greater priority to the interests of developing countries and focus on environmental protection Is.

Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO)

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) It is a major agency of the United Nations , whose purpose is to Ensuring global food security , increasing agricultural production, and eliminating hunger Is.

Establishment and Headquarters

• Founded: 16 October 1945
• Headquarters: Rome , Italy
• Member countries: 195 ( India member since 1945 )

Main objectives of FAO

1. Eliminate hunger and malnutrition.
2. Promoting food security.
3. Improving agricultural production and promoting sustainable agriculture.
4. Dealing with the impacts of climate change and natural disasters.
5. Fisheries , forestry and conservation of food resources.

Main functions and activities

• Assistance in agricultural policy formulation.
• Promoting technological research and innovation.
• Providing new technology and resources to farmers.
• Providing food aid during drought , flood and other disasters.

Significant Initiatives and Programs

1. ‘ Zero Hunger Program’ :
   • FAO ‘s goal is to end hunger globally by 2030 .
2. ‘ Food Security Monitoring System’ :
   • This system provides countries with data and recommendations regarding food security.
3. ‘ Climate Change and Agriculture Initiative’:
   • To develop measures to reduce the impacts on agriculture due to climate change.
4. ‘ Sustainable Agriculture Development’ :
   • Controlled use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and promotion of organic farming.

FAO and India

• The FAO has Green Revolution Played an important role in.
• In India National Food Security Mission ( NFSM) And Agricultural innovation projects support of.
• Prime Minister Kisan Samman Nidhi Scheme Technical support in.
• To promote organic farming and natural farming in India.

Challenges and criticism of FAO

1. Malnutrition and hunger still remain a problem in many developing countries.
2. Food production is being affected by climate change and natural disasters.
3. According to some critics , FAO ‘s policies are sometimes not implemented effectively.

conclusion At the global level, the FAO It is doing important work to end hunger , improve agriculture and ensure food security. Many countries including India are getting technical and financial help from it. However , FAO should focus on more inclusive development by making its plans more effective.

United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)

United Nations Human Rights Council ( UNHRC) It is a major institution of the United Nations ( UN) , whose main objective is to Safeguarding , protecting and promoting human rights worldwide have to do it. it Monitoring of human rights violations and policy suggestions It works to give.

Establishment and Headquarters

• Established: 15 March 2006
• Headquarters: Geneva , Switzerland
• Member countries: 47 ( elected every three years)

Main objectives of UNHRC

1. To protect and promote human rights.
2. Investigate and report on human rights violations.
3. Monitoring treaties and agreements relating to human rights.
4. Assisting countries in implementing human rights policies.
5. Protecting the rights of refugees , minorities and underprivileged classes.

Structure and functioning

• 47 member countries:
  • 47 member countries of UNHRC United Nations General Assembly are elected by.
  • These members 3 year tenure are elected to.
  • Election of member countries Geographic representation It is based on the .
• Universal Periodic Review ( UPR):
  • A system for reviewing the human rights records of all countries.
  • Every country is required to regularly report on human rights improvements.
• Special Procedures :
  • it a network of experts and working groups , which investigates cases related to violation of human rights .
  • In this Special rapporteurs , independent experts and investigative committees are included.

Significant Initiatives and Achievements

1. Protection of Child Rights:
   • Launch campaigns to prevent child labour and child trafficking.
2. Promotion of Women’s Rights:
   • Created policies to end violence and discrimination against women.
3. Protection of refugees and displaced people:
   • Aid programs for refugees from war-torn countries.
4. Rights of Minorities:
   • Strengthened international laws to prevent racial and religious discrimination.
5. Climate Change and Human Rights:
   • Created policies to protect the rights of communities affected by environmental crises.

India and the UNHRC

• India Founding member of UNHRC in 2006 Was.
• to India many times has been elected a member of the Council , including the 2019-2021 term.
• India Balanced approach to human rights issues is known to be adopted.

Challenges and criticism of UNHRC

1. Political influence:
   • Many countries become members of the Council despite human rights violations.
2. Problem of effective implementation:
   • Many times concrete steps are not taken in cases of human rights violations.
3. Differences between Developed and Developing Countries:
   • There is disagreement between countries regarding human rights policies.

conclusion

United Nations Human Rights Council Protecting and promoting global human rights is an important organization for. However , it Make fair decisions without political influence is required.

Achievements of the United Nations

Establishment of the United Nations ( UN) 24 October 1945 , and since then this organization World peace , security , human rights , socio-economic development and international cooperation is working for. In its 75+ years of history , the United Nations has made many significant achievements , which make the world a united nation. Safe , prosperous and equitable spaces Has been instrumental in creating it.

1. Contribution to global peace and security

 Deployment of Peacekeeping Forces

The United Nations has organized a dialogue in various war-torn countries Peacebuilding and conflict resolution For Peacekeeping Forces have been sent.
👉 More than 70 peacekeeping missions have been conducted
so far . 👉 More than 100,000 troops from over 100 countries are currently involved in UN peacekeeping missions.

 Role in preventing war and conflict

The United Nations The Korean War ( 1950), the Congo Crisis ( 1960), the Kuwait Crisis ( 1990), and the Rwandan Genocide ( 1994) Such as it has played an important role in preventing many major global conflicts.

 Nuclear Disarmament

The UN has to control and eliminate nuclear weapons has established several treaties for , such as:
✅ Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT)
✅ Chemical Weapons Convention ( CWC)
✅ Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ( CTBT)

2. Protection and promotion of human rights

 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

 In 1948 the UN adopted the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”
. it It was the first global document to recognise the rights to life , liberty, and equality.

 Formation of the United Nations Human Rights Council ( UNHRC)

👉 In 2006 The UNHRC is established , which monitors and rectifies human rights violations around the world.

 Protection of the rights of women and children

 UNICEF and UN Women Through the United Nations women’s rights , education , and children’s welfare Many programs have been started for this.
👉 Child labour , human trafficking and forced marriage Global campaigns were launched against it.

3. Contribution to health and epidemic control

 Achievements of World Health Organization ( WHO)

 WHO was established in 1948 Which has played an important role in global health improvement .

Important achievements:
✅ Complete eradication of
“smallpox” in 1980. ✅ Success in polio eradication campaign.
✅ Vaccination schedule and guidelines during COVID- 19 pandemic.

 Campaign against malnutrition and hunger

 FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization) and WFP ( World Food Programme) Through the United Nations Working to end hunger and malnutrition.
👉 In 2019 WFP provided food assistance to more than 100 million people.

4. Sustainable development and environmental protection

 Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs)

 In 2015 , the UN set 17 Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) to end poverty , hunger , climate change and inequality across the world by 2030 .

 Actions against climate change

👉 In 1992 Establishment of the United Nations Conference on Climate Change ( UNFCCC) It happened.
👉 in 2015 The Paris Climate Agreement was signed
. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Is doing research on climate change.

 Wildlife and Biodiversity Conservation

 Many initiatives have been taken to control global warming and pollution under the ” United Nations Environment Programme” ( UNEP) .

5. Promotion of education , science and culture

🔹 Achievements of UNESCO

 Major works in the field of education , science and culture:
✅ Conservation of
World Heritage Sites . ✅ Running literacy programs around the world.
✅ To promote women’s education.

 Education in the digital age

 United Nations Education for All ( EFA) Campaign It is driving.
👉 Digital education is being provided to children in 100+ countries of the world .

6. Contribute to global economic and financial stability

 Role of International Monetary Fund ( IMF) and World Bank

 IMF and World Bank , both are UN- affiliated organizations , which provide financial aid and loans to developing countries.
👉 Poverty alleviation and economic stability play an important role in.

 boost global trade

 World Trade Organisation ( WTO) The United Nations , in collaboration with facilitated international trade And Fair trade policies have been implemented.

7. Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief

 Assistance in natural calamities

 The United Nations Provided humanitarian aid in
earthquake , tsunami , flood , famine and war affected areas. 👉 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , 2010 Haiti earthquake, and 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake The UN provided relief materials and aid during the conflict .

 Protection of refugees

 UNHCR ( United Nations Refugee Agency) Assists in the protection and resettlement of refugees around the world.
👉 UNHCR helped millions of people during Syria , Afghanistan , Rohingya refugee crises.

conclusion

The United Nations Global peace , human rights , health , environment , education , and economic development Many important achievements have been made in the fields of. However , still War , poverty , climate change and human rights violations Many such challenges still remain.

 It is necessary to develop the United Nations as a strong global organization by making it more effective and impartial .

Criticism of the United Nations

Criticism of the United Nations

to the United Nations ( UN) Global peace , protection of human rights , sustainable development , and international cooperation It was established to promote human rights. However , since its inception ( 1945) , the organization has faced criticism many times.

Criticism of the United Nations has centered on a variety of issues , such as Inequality in the balance of power , slowness in the decision-making process , failure of peacekeeping operations , favoritism , corruption , and lack of effectiveness.

1. Structure and power imbalance of the United Nations Security Council

 Abuse of veto power

 In the Security Council ( UNSC) 5 permanent members (USA , Russia , China , UK and France) are those , who Veto Power It is received.
👉 Any permanent member may consider any proposal It can stop the peace , which brings a halt to international issues.
👉 Example:
✅ Syria Crisis: Russia vetoed several resolutions against Syria.
✅ Israel-Palestine issue: The United States blocked resolutions against Israel.

 lack of balance of power

 of the Security Council The number of permanent members has remained the same since 1945 , while New powerful countries (India , Brazil , Germany , Japan) have emerged in the world .
👉 African , Latin American and Muslim countries have no permanent representation.

 Result: Security Council Biased and ineffective It is considered.

2. Failure of peacekeeping operations

 Failure of peacekeepers

 The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces deployed , but in many cases they Failed to stop the conflict doing.

 Major failures:
✅ Rwandan Genocide ( 1994): UN troops failed to save
8 lakh people. ✅ Bosnian War ( 1992-1995): 8,000 Muslims killed in ” Srebrenica genocide” , but UN remained inactive.
✅ Congo Crisis: Violence has persisted despite decades of UN presence.

 limits on the use of force

👉 UN soldiers In conflict areas, the use of force is only permitted in self-defense.
👉 They cannot take direct action against terrorists and insurgents , making them ineffective.

 Result: Many countries Do not believe in UN peacekeeping missions and refrain from sending their armies.

3. Slow decision making and complex processes

 Bureaucracy and slow action

 Within the United Nations Multiple levels of bureaucracy Due to which the decision making process becomes very slow.
👉 any of the It takes years to pass an important proposal.
👉 Example:
✅ Delay in taking concrete steps on climate change.
✅ The time it takes to provide assistance in humanitarian crises.

 Implementation problem

 UN resolutions have no effect on many countries , because this organization Cannot implement effective punitive policies to compel member countries.
👉 Example:
✅ Sanctions against North Korea could not be enforced effectively.
✅ Failure to prevent the Israel-Palestine conflict.

 Result: to the united nations Called a ” tough but ineffective” organization.

4. Corruption and financial waste

 Corruption allegations

 Many times UN officials have been accused of corruption.
👉 ” Oil for Food Scandal” ( 2004) In 2005 corruption in Iraq was exposed.

 Misuse of funds

 The United Nations is accused of Spends more on administrative expenses , while investing less in actual humanitarian aid.
👉 Example:
✅ The UN ‘s annual budget is more than $3 billion , but despite this many programs are not successful.

 Result: Many countries Avoid giving money to the UN .

5. Biased approach to human rights violations

 Action against some countries , exemption for some

👉 The UN imposes harsh sanctions on some countries but leaves others untouched.
👉 Example:
✅ Sanctions on Iraq , Iran and North Korea
✅ Leniency on Israel and Saudi Arabia’s human rights violations

🔹 Inaction of UN Refugee Agency ( UNHCR)

 UNHCR ’s silence on the Rohingya crisis (Myanmar) and Uighur Muslims (China) raises questions.

 Result: UN ‘s Questions arise about impartiality.

6. Limited power of the UN Secretary General

 The UN Secretary General is the only Can make proposals and mediate , but cannot enforce any decision.
👉 General Secretary Veto powers cannot be challenged.

 Result: Role of the Secretary General has been reduced to ” an ineffective spokesperson”.

7. Slow progress on climate change and sustainable development goals

 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals ( SDGs) They have decided , but their progress is very slow.
👉 Paris Climate Agreement Many big countries (America , China , India) are not following it completely.

 Result: The role of the United Nations in environmental protection is under question.

The need for reform in the United Nations

 The veto power should be limited
. New permanent members should be added to the Security Council
. UN should get the power to take more effective decisions.
👉 Peacekeepers should be given more powers.
👉 An impartial policy should be adopted on human rights.

conclusion

The United Nations is a Important but controversial organization it is.
✔ it Peace , human rights , health , and sustainable development is contributing to.
❌ But Slowness in decision making , abuse of veto power , failure of peacekeeping missions , and partisan attitude Making it weak.

Reference

Karns, M. P., Mingst, K. A., & Stiles, K. W. (2015). International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Hanhimäki, J. M. (2008). The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.

Murphy, C. (2006). United Nations Development Programme: A Better Way?. Cambridge University Press.