Natural Resources of India

India is a country rich in natural resources. Its diverse geographical structure and climate makes it home to a variety of natural resources. Here is a description of the major natural resources of India :

1. Mineral Resources

India is rich in mineral resources and is a major producer of many important minerals.

• Iron Ore : Major mineral deposits in Odisha , Jharkhand , Chhattisgarh , and Karnataka.
• Coal : Huge coal mines in Jharkhand , West Bengal , Odisha , and Chhattisgarh.
• Bauxite : Available in Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.
• Gold : Karnataka and Jharkhand.
• Diamonds : Mining in the Panna area of Madhya Pradesh.
• Other minerals : Limestone , manganese , copper , and zinc.

2. Forest Resources

provide many types of forest products , herbs , and wood .

• Valuable woods : Teak , Rosewood , Sal.
• Herbs :​​ A large storehouse of Ayurvedic and medicinal plants.
• Eco – system Services : Water conservation , soil conservation , and climate balance.

3. Water Resources

The presence of major rivers and water sources in India also makes it rich in water resources.

• Rivers : Ganga , Yamuna , Brahmaputra , Godavari , Krishna , Kaveri.
• Lakes : Wular Lake , Chilika Lake , Sambhar Lake.
• Reservoirs and Dams : Bhakra Nangal , Hirakud.
• Groundwater : Important for irrigation and drinking water.

4. Soil​

Different types of soil are found in India which are suitable for agriculture.

• Soil : In the Ganges – Brahmaputra valley.
• Black Soil : Famous for cotton production.
• Red Soil : In South India and the Deccan region.
• Mountain Soil : Himalayan region.

5. Energy Resources

There are various sources available for energy production in India :

• Renewable energy : Solar , wind , and hydro energy.
• Non – renewable Energy : Coal , petroleum , and natural gas.
• Nuclear Energy : Nuclear power plants in Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.

6. Biodiversity​

India is also known for its rich biodiversity.

• Wildlife : Tiger , Elephant , Lion , and Rhinoceros.
• Variety of plants : Repository of tropical and temperate plants.
• National Parks and Sanctuaries : Kaziranga , Sunderbans , Ranthambore.

7. Marine Resources

India has a long coastline , which is important for fisheries and marine minerals.

• Fish farming : Kerala , Tamil Nadu , Gujarat.
• Brackish Water Resources : Chilika and Sunderbans.

8. Climate and solar energy

India has a diverse climate and solar energy is available in abundance , so solar energy can be used extensively.

India’s natural resources are extremely important for the country’s economy , environment and culture. Their proper conservation and use is essential for the sustainable development of the country.

Mineral Resources

India’s mineral resources are extremely rich and diverse. These resources are important for the country’s economy and provide raw materials for various industries. Mineral resources can be divided into three categories : metallic minerals , non-metallic minerals , and energy minerals. Let us understand these in detail :

1. Metallic Minerals

Various metals are obtained from metallic minerals which are used in industries.

Major Metallic Minerals :

Iron Ore :

• India is one of the major iron ore producers in the world.
  • Production Area : Odisha ( Singhbhum , Keonjhar ), Jharkhand ( West Singhbhum ), Chhattisgarh ( Bastar region ), and Karnataka ( Kudremukh ) .
  • Use : In steel manufacturing.

Bauxite :

• It is the main source of aluminium production.
  • Production Area : Odisha , Andhra Pradesh , Jharkhand , and Gujarat.
  • Use : Aluminium construction , in aircraft and electronic equipment.

Gold :

• Major gold production in India occurs in Karnataka ( Kolar and Hatti mines ) and Jharkhand ( Singhbhum region ) .
  • Use : In jewellery and coin making.

Copper :

• Production Area : Rajasthan ( Kheri mine ), Jharkhand ( Ghatshila ), and Madhya Pradesh ( Balaghat ) .
  • Use : In electrical equipment , plumbing , and coins.

Manganese :

• Production Area : Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Odisha.
  • Use : In steel and batteries.

Lead :

• Production Area : Rajasthan ( Jawar and Debari areas ) .
  • Use : Zinc in galvanizing and lead in batteries.

Nickel :

• Its production is relatively less.
  • Use : In stainless steel and batteries.

2. Non-Metallic Minerals

Non-metallic minerals are used in industrial and agricultural activities.

Major non-metallic minerals :

Limestone :

• Production Area : Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Andhra Pradesh.
  • Use : In the production of cement and lime.

Mika :

• India is the largest producer of Mica.
  • Production Area : Jharkhand , Rajasthan , Andhra Pradesh.
  • Use : In electronic equipment and paints .

Feldspar :

• Production Area : Rajasthan , Andhra Pradesh.
  • Use : In the ceramics and glass industry.

Phosphate :

• Production Area : Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
  • Use : In fertilizer production.

Gypsum :

• Production Area : Rajasthan.
  • Use : In cement and plaster of paris.

3. Energy Minerals

Mineral useful for energy production.

Major Energy Minerals :

Coal :

• India is the world’s third largest producer of coal.
  • Type : Bituminous , anthracite , lignite.
  • Production Area : Jharkhand ( Jharia and Raniganj ), Odisha ( Talcher ), Chhattisgarh.
  • Use : In power generation and steel industry.

Petroleum :

• Production Area : Gujarat ( Ankleshwar , Khambhat ), Assam ( Digboi ), Rajasthan ( Barmer ) .
  • Use : In fuels and petrochemicals.

Natural Gas :

• Production Area : Assam , Tripura , Mumbai High area.
  • Use : In cooking gas and fertilizer production.

Uranium :

• Production Area : Jharkhand ( Jaduguda ) .
  • Use : In nuclear power generation.

Thorium :

• India is a leader in thorium reserves.
  • Production Area : Coastal areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
  • Use : In nuclear reactors.

Importance and Challenges of Mineral Resources

Importance :

1. Assistance in industrial development.
2. Employment creation.
3. Foreign exchange earned through exports.
4. Contribution to national development.

Challenges :

1. – exploitation of minerals .
2. environmental damage.
3. Illegal mining.
4. Uneven distribution of minerals.

Conservation Measures :

1. Promoting efficient and sustainable use of minerals.
2. Pay attention to recycling .
3. Compliance with environmental regulations.
4. Use of research and technology.

Mineral resources are a major pillar of India’s development journey. Their sustainable and responsible use will benefit not only the present but also future generations.

Forest Resources

Forest resources of India Forests play an important role in the ecological balance , economic development and cultural diversity of the country. Forests are used to fulfill industrial , environmental , and livelihood needs. Let us understand this in detail :

1. Distribution of forest area in India

21.71% of India’s land area It is forested ( as per Indian Forest Report 2021 ) .

• Classification of forests :
  • Forest : Density > 70%, such as Sundarbans and Western Ghats.
  • Moderately Dense Forest : Density 40-70%, like forests of central India.
  • Forest : Density 10-40%, like forests of Rajasthan and Gujarat.

2. Types of forests

India’s forests are divided into different types based on climate , soil and topography :

(i) Tropical Evergreen Forests

• place : Western Ghats , Andaman – Nicobar Islands , Northeast India.
• features :
  • Lush green trees , greenery all year round.
  • Valuable woods like teak , rosewood.
• Major trees : Mahogany , Ebony , Rosewood.

(ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests

• place : Central India , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand.
• features :
  • The leaves fall in the summer season.
  • Useful wood and herbs are available.
• Major trees : Sal , Teak , Bamboo.

(iii) Thorny Forests

• place : Rajasthan , Gujarat , Haryana.
• features :
  • Areas with low rainfall.
  • Thorny bushes.
• Major trees : Kikar , acacia , date palm.

(iv) Mangrove Forests

• place : Sunderbans ( West Bengal ), Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• features :
  • Found in salt water coastal areas.
  • Helpful in flood control.
• Major trees : Beautiful (Sundari) .

(v) Montane Forests

• place : Himalaya , Uttarakhand , Sikkim.
• features :
  • Different types depending on altitude and climate .
  • Found in cold climates.
• Major trees : Cedar , pine , fir.

3. Use of forest resources

(i) Economic Use :

• Wood : Furniture , building construction.
• fuel : Use of wood as fuel in rural areas.
• Herbs :​​ For Ayurveda and medicine manufacturing.
• Fiber : Textiles and ropes from bamboo , jute , and fibres.
• Glues and resins : Adhesives and industrial uses.

(ii) Environmental use :

• Climate Balance : Oxygen production and carbon dioxide absorption.
• Soil Conservation : Prevents soil erosion.
• Water Conservation : The source of rivers and lakes.
• Biodiversity : Conservation of wildlife and plants.

(iii) Social use :

• Source of Livelihood : For tribal communities.
• Cultural and Religious Importance : Use of many trees and forests in worship.

4. Wildlife conservation

Rich biodiversity is found in the forests of India.

• National Parks : Kaziranga , Ranthambore , Kanha.
• Wildlife Sanctuaries : Sunderbans , Bhitarkanika.
• Tiger Reserves : Bandhavgarh , Corbett.
• Bird Sanctuary : Bharatpur.

5. Status of forests and challenges

(i) Decreasing area of forests :

• urbanisation , agricultural expansion and illegal logging.

(ii) Effects on wildlife :

• The natural habitat of wildlife is decreasing.

(iii) Soil and water erosion :

• Deforestation has increased the problem of land erosion and floods.

Climate change :

• Destruction of forests is adversely affecting the climate.

6. Forest conservation measures

(i) Government schemes and programmes :

• Indian Forest Policy (1988): Conservation and restoration of forests.
• Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Conservation of wildlife.
• Social Afforestation : Involving local communities in forest management.

(ii) Modern technology :

• Monitoring of forest area through satellite.
• Sustainable and responsible forest management.

(iii) Community Participation :

• Involving rural and tribal communities in conservation of forests.

(iv) Reforestation :

• Tree planting campaign to restore forests.

7. Importance of forests

• Conserving forests is essential for environmental sustainability , biodiversity , and for future generations.
• Forests are our natural heritage and their conservation is essential for sustainable development.

Conclusion :
Forest resources are the basis of India’s economic and environmental prosperity. Proper and sustainable use and conservation of forests is extremely important for India’s future.

Water Resources of India

Water resources of India They are the lifeline of the country and are of great importance for agriculture , industry , domestic use , and energy production. Water resources in India are diverse and extensive in nature. They include rivers , lakes , groundwater , ponds , and reservoirs. Let us have a detailed analysis of water resources of India :

1. Types of water resources

(i) Surface Water

Surface water includes rivers , lakes , ponds , and reservoirs.

Main sources :

Rivers :

• Ganga , Brahmaputra , Yamuna , Godavari , Krishna , Narmada , Kaveri , Sutlej.
  • There are three types of rivers found in India :
    • Himalayan Rivers : Like Ganga , Brahmaputra.
    • Mountain rivers : Like Narmada , Tapti.
    • Southern Rivers : Like Godavari , Krishna , Kaveri.

Lakes :

• Freshwater lakes : Wular Lake ( Jammu and Kashmir ), Lokratak Lake ( Manipur ) .
  • Salt water lakes : Chilika Lake ( Odisha ), Sambhar Lake ( Rajasthan ) .

Ponds and reservoirs :

• Rainwater collection and use for irrigation in rural areas.
  • Example : Hirakud Reservoir , Bhakra Nangal Dam.

(ii ) Groundwater

Groundwater is a major water source in India.

• features :
  • Important for irrigation and domestic use.
  • 60% of irrigation in the country depends on groundwater.
• Main storage area : Ganges – Brahmaputra Valley , Rajasthan , and Punjab.
• Challenges : Due to over – utilisation the ground water level is depleting rapidly.

(iii ) Rainwater

The main source of water in India is monsoon rain.

• Average annual rainfall : Approximately 1100 mm.
• Rainfall distribution :
  • More rainfall in Western Ghats and North – East.
  • Less rainfall in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
• Rain Water Harvesting : Rainwater harvesting is important for water conservation.

(iv) Marine Water

India’s approximately 7,500 km long coastline is a source of sea water.

• key areas : Arabian Sea , Bay of Bengal.
• Use : Marine life , fisheries , desalination of salt water .

2. Major drainage systems of India (River Systems)

(i) Himalayan River System :

• Rivers : Ganga , Brahmaputra , Yamuna.
• features :
  • Water flow throughout the year.
  • Suitable for irrigation and water transportation.

(ii) Peninsular River System :

• Rivers : Godavari , Krishna , Kaveri , Mahanadi.
• features :
  • Dependent on rain.
  • Most of the rivers flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal.

3. Use of water resources

(i) Uses in agriculture :

• 80% of India’s agriculture is dependent on water.
• Main irrigation sources : Canals , Tube wells , Wells.

(ii) Domestic use :

• For drinking water and domestic purposes in urban and rural areas.

(iii) Industrial use :

• Water is used in the steel , chemical , and food processing industries.

(iv) Energy production :

• Hydroelectric plants use water to produce electricity.
• Major Dams : Tehri Dam , Sardar Sarovar Dam.

(v) Transport and Fisheries :

• Rivers and lakes are used for transportation and fishing.

4. Challenges of water resources in India

(i) Water crisis :

• Due to increasing population and urbanization the demand for water is increasing.
• Groundwater levels are declining rapidly in many areas.

Pollution :​

• Rivers are getting polluted due to industrial and domestic waste.
• Example : Condition of Ganga and Yamuna.

(iii) Uneven distribution :

• Flooding in some areas , while drought conditions in other areas.
• Example : Flood in Assam and drought in Rajasthan.

Climate change :

• Uncertainty of monsoon and melting of glaciers are affecting water resources.

5. Conservation of water resources

(i) Rainwater Harvesting:

• Collection of rainwater for water conservation.
• It is necessary to adopt it in urban and rural areas.

(ii) Water Recycling :

• Purifying industrial and domestic water for reuse.

(iii) Awareness campaign :

• Education and awareness to explain the importance of water.

(iv) River rejuvenation projects :

• Example : Ganga rejuvenation (Namami Gange) .

(v) Effective irrigation management :

• Adoption of drip and sprinkler irrigation methods.

6. Major Government Schemes and Policies

(i) Water Life Mission :

• Tap water supply to every rural family.

(ii) River Linking Project :

• Water distribution balance by connecting rivers.

(iii) Water conservation under MNREGA :

• Construction of ponds and reservoirs in rural areas.

(iv) Atal Ground Water Scheme :

• For groundwater management.

conclusion

Water resources are the lifeline of India , and their sustainable use and conservation is vital for the country’s future. Collective efforts are needed to avoid water crisis and mitigate the effects of climate change. ” Every drop is precious “ Understanding the message of , efficient and responsible use of water resources is the key to a healthy and prosperous India.

Soil

Soil It is the upper layer of the earth’s surface , which is a mixture of organic and abiotic components. It provides essential nutrients for plant growth and plays an important role in agriculture , environment and ecology. Soil in India is diverse , which changes according to climate , topography and geological processes.

1. Definition and structure of soil

Soil is a natural resource formed by the breakdown of rocks and the decomposition of organic material .

Soil Structure :

1. Minerals : sand , silt , and clay.
2. Organic Matter : Leaves , organic matter , and decomposable material.
3. Water : Maintains moisture.
4. Air : Provides oxygen to the plant roots.
5. Bacteria and Microorganisms : Ensures cycling of nutrients.

2. Types of soil ( in India )

Soil in India is classified based on its structure , origin , and physico – chemical properties :

(i) Alluvial Soil :

• place : The Ganges , Brahmaputra , and Indus river plains.
• features :
  • Fertile and fine grained.
  • Rich in nutrients like potash , phosphorus and lime.
  • Suitable for rice , wheat , sugarcane , and cotton.

(ii) Black Soil:

• place : Maharashtra , Gujarat , Madhya Pradesh.
• features :
  • Famous for cotton cultivation , hence it is also called ” Regur soil ” .
  • High water holding capacity.
  • Rich in lime and magnesium.

(iii) Red Soil:

• place : Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , Orissa.
• features :
  • Red color due to the presence of iron.
  • Deficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • Suitable for pulses and coarse cereals.

(iv) Laterite Soil :

• place : Western Ghats , Assam , Kerala.
• features :
  • It is found in areas with heavy rainfall.
  • Decreased organic matter and nitrogen.
  • Suitable for cultivation of tea , coffee , and rubber.

(v) Desert Soil:

• place : Rajasthan , Gujarat.
• features :
  • Made of sand , lacking in water and nutrients.
  • If irrigation is done then cultivation of millet and sorghum is possible.

(vi) Mountain Soil :

• place : Himalaya , Uttarakhand , Sikkim.
• features :
  • It is found on slopes.
  • Suitable for potatoes , barley , and maize.

(vii) Yellow Soil:

• place : Orissa , Chhattisgarh.
• features :
  • Yellow colour due to the presence of iron oxide.
  • Suitable for sugarcane , potato and fruit crops.

3. Properties of Soil

(i) Physical properties :

• Size of the particles : Sand , silt, and clay.
• Water holding capacity : Important in crop production.

(ii) Chemical properties :

• pH level , amount of organic matter.
• Nutrients : Nitrogen , Potash , Phosphorus.

(iii) Biological properties :

• Presence of microorganisms and organic matter.

4. Use of soil

(i) In agriculture :

• food , oilseeds , and cash crops.

(ii) In construction :

• Brick manufacturing and building construction.

(iii) Environmental Services :

• Water conservation , erosion control.

(iv) Ecology :

• Habitat for plants and animals.

5. Soil challenges in India

(i) Erosion and Degradation:

• flood , wind , and water.
• Annual erosion : about 5334 million tonnes.

(ii) Salinisation and waterlogging :

• Due to excessive use of irrigation water.
• Example : Areas of Punjab and Haryana.

(iii) Deficiency of nutrients :

• Fertility is decreasing due to excessive use.

6. Soil conservation

(i) Traditional Remedies :

• Crop rotation , use of organic fertilizers.

(ii) Technical measures :

• Terrace farming , watershed development.

(iii) Afforestation :

• Tree plantation protects the soil from erosion.

(iv) Awareness :

• Educating farmers about soil health.

(v) Government schemes :

• Soil Health Card Scheme.

7. Conclusions

Soil is the backbone of the agricultural nation of India . Its sustainable management and conservation is essential so that this resource remains available for future generations. Proper use and improvement of soil will help in maintaining ecological balance.

Energy Esources

energy resources Energy resources are an important basis for the development and progress of any country. In a rapidly growing country like India, the management of energy resources and their availability is extremely important. Energy resources are used in agriculture , industry , transportation , domestic use and other sectors.

Let us understand the energy resources of India in detail :

1. Types of energy resources

There are mainly two types of energy resources :

(i) Conventional Energy Resources :

These resources have been in use for a long time and are generally non – renewable.

Example :

1. Coal
2. Petroleum and Natural Gas
3. hydroelectric power
4. Nuclear Energy

(ii) Non-Conventional Energy Resources :

These are modern energy sources and are often renewable.

Example :

1. Solar Energy
2. Wind energy
3. Bioenergy
4. tidal energy
5. geothermal energy​

2. Conventional Energy Resources

Coal :​

• Coal reserves in India : Jharkhand , Odisha , Chhattisgarh , West Bengal.
• features :
  • The most ancient and important source of energy.
  • 60% of India’s total energy consumption comes from coal.
  • Uses : Power generation , steel and cement industries.
• Challenges : Air pollution , environmental damage due to mining.

(ii) Petroleum and Natural Gas :

• Major reserves in India : Mumbai High , Assam , Gujarat.
• features :
  • Petroleum is used in transportation , cooking gas (LPG), and industries.
  • Natural gas is a clean and economical energy source.
• Challenges : Limited reserves and dependence on imports.

(iii) Hydropower :

• Large Hydroelectric Projects in India : Bhakra Nangal , Hirakud , Tehri.
• features :
  • Renewable and relatively clean for the environment.
  • Helpful in irrigation and flood control.
• Challenges : Environmental and social impacts from construction of reservoirs.

(iv) Nuclear Energy :

• Plants in India : Tarapur ( Maharashtra ), Kalpakkam ( Tamil Nadu ) .
• features :
  • Production of large amount of energy in a limited amount of time.
  • Uses : Power generation and medical sector.
• Challenges : Safety and management of radioactive waste.

3. Non-conventional energy resources

(i) Solar Energy :

• features :
  • Generating energy from the sun’s rays.
  • Uses : Solar panels , solar cooking , street lights.
• Challenges : High initial cost and weather dependence.
• Efforts in India : Solar parks in Gujarat , Rajasthan , and Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Wind Energy :

• features :
  • Generating electricity from wind turbines.
  • Major locations : Tamil Nadu , Gujarat , Maharashtra.
• Challenges : High investment cost and limited space.

(iii) Biomass Energy :

• features :
  • Energy from organic matter ( e.g. , crop residues , animal waste ) .
  • Uses : Biogas plant , Biomass power plant.
• Challenges : Difficulty of mass production.

(iv) Tidal Energy :

• features :
  • Energy produced from ocean tides .
  • Potential areas : West Bengal , Gujarat.
• Challenges : Limited space and high cost.

(v ) Geothermal Energy :

• features :
  • Generating energy from the earth’s heat.
  • Potential area : Ladakh , Himalayan region.
• Challenges : Limitations of technology.

4. Status of energy resources in India

(i) Increasing demand for energy :

• Due to increasing population and industrialization the demand for energy is continuously increasing.
• 2022, India ranked third in the world in terms of energy consumption.

(ii) Dependence on energy imports :

• imports 85% of its total petroleum requirements .

(iii) Steps towards renewable energy :

• Target to produce 50% of energy from renewable sources by 2030 .
• Leadership of the International Solar Alliance .

5. Challenges related to energy resources

(i) Environmental pollution :

• Air and water pollution due to the use of fossil fuels.

(ii) Limited resources :

• Sources like coal and petroleum are limited.

(iii) Lack of technology and investment :

• Need for cutting edge technology for non-conventional energy.

(iv) Uneven availability of energy :

• Lack of energy in rural and remote areas.

6. Conservation and management of energy resources

(i) Energy Efficiency:

• Use of energy efficient appliances to reduce energy use.

(ii) Promotion of renewable energy :

• Promote solar energy , wind energy , and biomass energy.

(iii) Energy conservation :

• Public awareness campaign.
• Energy Conservation Act , 2001 .

(iv) Research and Development :

• Development of new technologies and improvement of existing technologies.

7. Conclusions

Energy resources are the backbone of India’s progress and development. Their sustainable use , conservation and maximum use of renewable energy sources can lead the country towards energy self-sufficiency. Balanced use of conventional and non-conventional sources can make India better prepared to face future energy challenges.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity​ Biodiversity means the diversity of life forms on Earth – animals , plants , microorganisms , and their ecosystems. It defines the diversity of life on Earth and its structure , functions, and processes. Biodiversity is essential for human life as it provides us with food , water , medicines , and climate balance.

1. Definition and importance of biodiversity

Biodiversity :
It refers to the variety of living things found in a particular area. It includes genes , species , and ecosystems.

Importance :

1. Ecological Balance : Biodiversity keeps the ecosystem stable.
2. Food Security : The diversity of crops and livestock ensures the availability of food.
3. medical Research : Many important medicines are made from plants and animals.
4. Economic benefits : Contribution to tourism , timber , medicinal plants and fisheries.
5. Climate Balance : Biodiversity helps in maintaining balance in climate and environment.

2. Types of biodiversity

Biodiversity is mainly divided into three parts :

(i) Genetic Diversity :

• Meaning : The variation in genes found within a species.
• Example : Different varieties of rice , wheat and maize.
• Importance : Genetic diversity helps plants and organisms to adapt to changing environments.

(ii) Species Diversity :

• Meaning : The number of different species found in an area.
• Example : Tigers , deer , and variety of birds found in the forest .
• Importance : The extinction of a species affects the entire ecosystem.

(iii) Ecosystem Diversity :

• Meaning : A variety of different ecosystems such as forests , grasslands , deserts , and seashores.
• Example : The Himalayan region , the mangrove forests of the Sunderbans , and the desert of Rajasthan.
• Importance : It maintains the global climate , the water cycle , and life – support processes.

3. Biodiversity in India

(i) India’s position in terms of biodiversity :

• India is one of the 17 ” megadiversity ” countries in the world.
• About 8% of the world’s species Are found in India.
• 4 biogeographical regions in India and 10 biodiversity hotspots Are.

(ii) Key Biodiversity Areas :

1. Himalayan Region : Snow leopard , red panda.
2. Western Ghats : Lion-tailed macaques , Malabar civets.
3. Sundarbans Area : Royal Bengal Tiger , Mangrove Forest.
4. Andaman and Nicobar Islands : Coral reefs , sea turtles.

(iii) Diversity found in India :

• Plants : over 47,000 species.
• Bird : About 1,300 species.
• Mammals : more than 400 species.

4. Threats to biodiversity

(i) Natural causes :

1. Earthquakes and Volcanoes : Damage to the ecosystem.
2. Climate change : Temperature rise and sea level rise.

(ii) Man-made causes :

1. Deforestation : Deforestation destroys habitats.
2. pollution : Water , air and land pollution affect biodiversity.
3. Hunting and illegal trade : The main reason for the extinction of animals.
4. Invasive species : Alien species destroy local species.
5. Urbanisation : Conversion of agricultural land and forests into urbanization.

5. Biodiversity conservation

(i) In-situ Conservation :

• Meaning : Conservation of biodiversity in the natural environment.
• Example :
  • National Parks : Like , Kanha , Kaziranga.
  • Wildlife Sanctuaries : E.g. , Ranthambore.
  • Biosphere Reserves : e.g. , Nilgiri.

(ii) Ex-situ Conservation :

• Meaning : To conserve species outside their natural habitat.
• Example :
  • Zoo.
  • Gene banks of plants and seeds.

(iii) Awareness and education :

• Campaign : Van Mahotsav , Environment Day.
• Education : Education in schools and colleges on the importance of biodiversity.

(iv) International Efforts :

• Biological Diversity (CBD): Global agreement for the conservation of biodiversity.
• CITES: Agreement to prohibit trade in endangered species.

6. Efforts of Indian Government

1. National Biodiversity Authority (NBA): Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
2. Mission Life : Promoting sustainable lifestyles.
3. Biodiversity Act , 2002: To conserve the biodiversity of India.
4. Environmental Protection Act , 1986 .

7. Conclusions

Biodiversity is the cornerstone of sustaining life on Earth. It is our responsibility to preserve it so as to ensure a balanced and sustainable ecosystem for future generations. Through sustainable development and awareness, we can preserve biodiversity.

Marine Resources

Marine Resources They are natural resources that are derived from the seas , oceans , and their surrounding coastal areas. These resources are extremely important for human life , economy , and ecology. Marine resources can be both biotic and abiotic and include marine organisms , minerals , energy sources , and water.

1. Classification of marine resources

Marine resources may be divided into the following types :

(i) Biotic Resources :

• All the living resources we get from the sea.

Example :

• Fish , shellfish , crabs , prawns.
• Seaweed and coral.

(ii) Abiotic Resources :

• – living resources obtained from the ocean and the sea bed .

Example :

• Minerals ( e.g. , magnesium , copper , petroleum ) .
• Energy sources ( e.g. , tidal energy , wind energy ) .

(iii) Energy Resources :

• Energy sources present in the ocean.

Example :

• Tidal energy , marine wind energy , and wave energy.

(iv) Coastal Resources :

• Resources found in the area around the beach .

Example :

• Mangrove forests , salt production.

2. Major marine resources

(i) Fish Resources :

• The sea is the main source of fish.
• A large part of the fisheries industry in India comes from marine fish.
• Major fish species : Rohu , Prawns , Tuna , Mackerel.

(ii) Seaweed :

• Uses : Medicine manufacturing , cosmetics , food products.
• Major location : Coastal area of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

(iii) Mineral Resources :

• Many minerals are found on the sea floor.

Example :

1. Petroleum and Natural Gas :
   1. Mumbai High is the largest oil and gas producing region in India.
2. Polymetallic Nodules :
   1. Source of minerals such as manganese , copper , nickel , and cobalt.

(iv) Tidal and Wave Energy:

• Production of energy from ocean waves and tides .
• Potential areas in India : Gujarat and West Bengal.

(v) Coastal Vegetation and Mangroves :

• Importance : Maintaining the balance of coastal ecosystem.
• The mangrove forest of Sundarbans is a prime example.

(vi) Salt Production :

• Production of salt by evaporating sea water.
• Major regions : Gujarat , Tamil Nadu.

3. Marine resources in India

(i) Maritime expansion of India :

• India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres.
• It includes 9 coastal states , 2 island groups ( Andaman – Nicobar and Lakshadweep ) .
• India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers approximately 2.37 million square kilometres.

(ii) Major activities in the maritime sector :

1. Fisheries : The basis of livelihood for millions of people living in coastal areas.
2. Mineral exploration : Extraction of minerals from the sea bed.
3. Energy production : Wind energy and tidal energy projects.

4. Uses and importance of marine resources

(i) Economic importance :

• Fishing , tourism , and mineral exploration make major economic contributions.
• Petroleum and gas production meets a large part of the national energy needs.

(ii) Environmental importance :

• Oceans maintain ecological balance.
• Coastal areas provide protection from climate change.

(iii) Industrial importance :

• Sea minerals and gas are used in industries.
• Seaweed and salt are used in a variety of products.

5. Threats associated with marine resources

Pollution :​

• Damage to marine ecosystems from oil spills and plastic waste.
• Flow of industrial and domestic wastes into the sea.

(ii) Overexploitation :

• Marine life is threatened by excessive fishing.
• Indiscriminate exploitation of minerals.

(iii) Climate change :

• Damage to coral reefs from rising ocean temperatures and acidification.

(iv) Coastal erosion :

• Destruction of coastal zones due to sea level rise and uncontrolled urbanization.

6. Conservation of marine resources

(i) Sustainable Development :

• Balanced approach to the use of marine resources.
• Measures to prevent overexploitation and pollution.

(ii) Marine Sanctuary :

• Protected areas to preserve marine life.
• Example : Marine sanctuaries in Lakshadweep and Andaman – Nicobar.

(iii) National and International Efforts :

• Efforts in India : National Marine Fisheries Policy , 2017 .
• International Efforts : The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG-14), which focuses on ” Life Below Water ” .

(iv) Public awareness :

• Awareness campaign for conservation of ocean and its resources.
• Waste management to prevent marine pollution.

7. Conclusions

Marine resources are indispensable for human life and only by their sustainable use and conservation can their existence be ensured for future generations. Government , industry , and society must work together to make judicious use of marine resources and strive to conserve them.

Climate and Solar Energy

Climate​ and solar energy is deeply interrelated , because the Earth’s climate and environmental processes depend largely on energy from the Sun. The Sun is the fundamental source of all life on Earth , and its energy drives climate , weather , and life cycles.

1. Definition of climate

climate It is the average weather pattern that persists over a long period of time ( at least 30 years ) in an area . It includes temperature , rainfall , humidity , wind flow and other meteorological elements.

2. The meaning of the sun’s energy

Solar Energy The energy that reaches the Earth from the Sun in the form of radiation. It includes light , heat , and other electromagnetic radiation.

3. The relationship between solar energy and climate

(i) The sun is the earth’s source of energy :

The Sun’s energy regulates the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere , oceans , and land surface.

(ii) Atmospheric processes :

The Sun’s radiation heats atmospheric gases , causing wind to flow , cloud formation , and precipitation.

(iii) Energy from the ocean and the sun :

The sun heats the water in the oceans , causing ocean currents and tidal processes. These are major regulators of climate.

(iv) Biosphere and Photosynthesis :

makes the process of photosynthesis possible in plants , which is the basis of energy for the entire ecosystem.

4. The effect of solar energy on climate

(i) Temperature on the Earth :

• The energy coming from the Sun is distributed unevenly over different parts of the Earth.
• There is more energy at the equator and less in the polar regions.
• This temperature variation causes variety in weather and climate.

(ii) Weather cycle :

• The sun’s energy affects the weather.
• Phenomena like day and night , change of seasons , and monsoon are based on the energy of the sun.

(iii) Hydrological Cycle:

• evaporates water from oceans , rivers and lakes.
• This drives the cycle of evaporation , condensation and precipitation.

(iv) Atmospheric Circulation :

• The air gets heated by the heat of the sun and rises.
• This generates a global flow of winds.

5. The effect of the uneven distribution of solar energy on climate

(i) Change of Seasons :

• The tilt of the Earth’s axis and its revolution around the Sun create the seasons.
• This produces different climate patterns in different regions.

(ii) Climatic zone :

Due to the uneven distribution of solar energy the earth is divided into different climatic zones :

1. Tropical Zone :
   1. Near the equator , where the sun’s energy is high.
   1. Hot and humid climate.
2. Zone :
   1. Between the equator and the poles.
   1. Moderate temperatures and rainfall.
3. Zone :
   1. In polar regions , where less solar energy reaches.
   1. cold climate.

6. Long-term effects of solar energy on climate

(i) Global warming and climate change :

• Unbalanced use of energy obtained from the sun and the effect of greenhouse gases cause climate change.
• Due to industrial activities and deforestation, gases like carbon dioxide and methane have increased in the atmosphere , which is increasing the average temperature of the earth.

(ii) Natural disasters :

• Due to global warming, events such as cyclones , droughts , and floods are occurring more frequently.

7. Use and importance of solar energy

(i) Renewable energy sources :

Sun’s energy can be used for sustainable development :

1. Solar energy production :
   1. Electricity generation by solar panels.
   1. Clean and limitless energy source.
2. Solar Thermal Energy :
   1. Solar heater , solar cooker.
3. Agriculture and Irrigation :
   1. Solar pump and greenhouse.

(ii) Environmental benefits :

• Use of solar energy helps in protecting the environment from pollution.
• It reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

8. Conclusion

Sun’s energy is the basic source for the earth’s ecosystem and climate. Its proper use and conservation can not only reduce the effects of climate change , but also make human life more sustainable and environmentally friendly. Maintaining a balance between climate and sun’s energy is extremely important for the survival of human civilization.