India of Foreign Policy

Introduction

India of Foreign Policy Of Development His historical , cultural , political And Economic Ambient From depth From connected Happened in 1947​ Freedom Receipt Of after From By 2025 , India​ by global stage But Own Situation To Continuous Strong Did Is. This Article In We India of Foreign Policy To various stages , governments , global Events And Strategic Objectives Of Reference In Expansion From I will understand.

1. Freedom Of after Initial Period (1947–1964): Nehru Era

main Properties :

• Non-aligned Agitation of Establishment
• Panchsheel Principles of Announcement
• colonialism And racism Of Oppose

main Events :

• 1947: India of Freedom
• 1949: India – China Limit Controversy of beginning
• 1954: Panchasheel Principle of Declaration ( India – China Joint statement )
• 1955: Bandung Conference ( Non-Aligned Agitation of foundation )

Foreign Policy Of Form :

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Of Leadership In India called “ non- alignment ” adopted , whose Objective It was – cold war In Any  Too Power Group ( America) Or Soviet of the union ) with Straight No To join. India by developing Countries of sound Becoming of Effort of.

2. Wars And changing Equations Of Period (1964–1980)

main Events :

• 1962: India – China war
• 1965: India – Pakistan war
• 1971: Bangladesh Freedom combat And war
• 1974: Pokhran Atom tests

Foreign Policy of Direction :

• India of Foreign Policy More Realistic being It hurt.
• Soviet union Of In 1971 with “ Shanti And Friendship on the treaty Signature did Went.
• America Of with relationship stressful yes went , especially Bangladesh war And Atom Trials Of after.

3. Rajiv Gandhi From taking Economic liberalisation Till (1980–1991)

main Events :

• India of Calmness Army Of Sri Lanka In Intervention (1987)
• Tamil Problem In Diplomatic Complications
• Afghanistan In Soviet Interference Of Oppose

Foreign Policy In shift :

• Technology And Science Of Area In Collaboration But Emphasis
• America And Europe Of with Relationships In Improvement of Effort
• India – China Relations In New beginning

4. New Economic Policy And Multipolar The World (1991–1999)

main Events :

• 1991: Economic liberalisation
• 1998: Second pokhran Atom tests
• 1999: Kargil war

Foreign Policy of strategy :

• Globalization Of Friendly Diplomacy
• South Asian Collaboration Organization (SAARC ) Empowered create of Effort
• India – USA Relations In gradually​​ Improvement
• China Of with Dialogue Create Keeping of Policy

5. Emerging India of Foreign Policy (1999–2014)

main Leader :

• adamant Bihari Vajpayee
• Dr. Manmohan​ Lion

main Initiative :

• of “Look East Policy” Expansion
• America Of with Civilian Atom Agreement (2005–2008)
• Africa And Latin America Of with Relations Of Expansion

Important Achievements :

• India To global Forums But Emerging Power Of Form In Recognition
• G20 membership
• of BRICS Formation

6. Modi Era And aggressive Foreign Policy (2014–2025)

main Properties :

• of “Act East Policy” beginning
• “Neighborhood First” Policy
• ” Vasudhaiva of “Kutumbakam ” Principle Of Publicity
• Overseas Indians From Contact Increase
• Terrorism Of against global Support Mobilization

Important Events :

• 2016: Surgical Strike
• 2019: Balakot Air Strike
• 2020: India – China Galwan valley Conflict
• 2023: G20 Chairmanship

Diplomat Attempt :

• QUAD Group ( India , America , Japan , Australia )
• I2U2 ( India , Israel , UAE, USA )
• In SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) Active Role

7. Changing global Perspective In India (2020–2025)

COVID-19 pandemic Of during Diplomacy :

• “ Vaccine Maitri ” Campaign
• Treatment supply And human Help

Digital Diplomacy :

• Social Media And Virtual Summit Of Channel From Foreign Policy Of Operation
• global Forums But India of activism

India of Strategic Preferences :

1. energy Security
2. Terrorism Of competition
3. Marine Security
4. Cyber Security
5. climate Change But global Leadership

8. India of Chief bilateral Policies (1947–2025)

India – USA relationship :

• 1947–1990: Tension
• 2000 ‘s after Improvement
• Defence , Trade And Technology In deep Collaboration

India – China relationship :

• 1950–1962: Friendship
• of 1962 after Conflict
• Galwan valley Of after Relationships In Tension

India – Pakistan relationship :

• In 1947, 1965, 1971, 1999 war
• Terrorism To all Big Issue
• Limited Dialogue

India – Russia ( East) Soviet union ):

• 1950–1990: Main Associate
• 2000 ‘s after Relations In Diversity
• Defence , Space And energy In Collaboration

9. Multilateral Forums But India of Role

Joint Nation (UN):

• Permanent Membership of Demand
• Calmness Army In Partnership

BRICS, SCO, QUAD:

• New global balance Of Construction

G20 and WTO:

• developing Countries Of Party In Leadership

10. Challenges And opportunity

main Challenges :

• Limit Dispute ( China , Pakistan )
• Terrorism
• global Superpowers of Competition In balance Make
• domestic Political Pressure

main opportunity :

• Youth population
• soft Power ( Yoga , Culture , Bollywood )
• technology And Digital Diplomacy
• space And protect Collaboration

11. The Future of direction ( up to 2025) after of Vision )

India of Foreign Policy Of Target global peace , eternal Development And Multilateral Leadership Is. to come ones years In India :

• Joint Nation Security council In Permanent Member Becoming of Effort Ongoing will keep it.
• Indo – Pacific Area In important Role He will fulfill it.
• Self-reliance India Of under technology Diplomacy To It will increase.

conclusion From 1947 to 2025 of India of Foreign Policy by One Long Travel fixed of is – colonial Exploitation From Freedom to get ones Nation From taking global Superpower Becoming of Side. India of Foreign Policy Of Original Aadhaar “ Survey bhavantu sukhinah ” of Emotion But based remained Having more​ to come ones Decades In India of Role And Too Impressive Becoming of Possibility Is.

1. Freedom Of After Initial Period (1947–1964): Nehru Era

( India of Foreign Policy Of Base Construction )

India of Freedom Of after Of Initial period Indian Foreign Policy Of For extremely Important Was. This period In Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , who India Of First Prime Minister And Foreign Minister Too were , did India of Foreign Policy of foundation kept it. His thinking , outlook And Principles by India To One moral , independent And peace loving Nation Of Form In Established Did.

1. Nehru of Foreign Policy of thinking

Pandit Nehru of Foreign Policy Idealism And ethics But based Was. They World Peace , Colonial liberation , racism Of Oppose And developing Countries Of Interests of protect In faith keeping Were. their Accept Was That India To global Politics In One Mediator And Conciliator of Role to fulfill Needed

main Principle :

• Non- Alignment
• Panchsheel Principle
• Calmness And co – existence
• colonialism And imperialism Of Oppose
• human rights And Equality In faith

2. Non-alignment Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

background :

of 1947 after World Two Poles In Bunt paid Was :

• Western Group : America Of Leadership In capitalist Country
• Eastern Faction : Soviet union Of Leadership In Socialist Country

India by Any  Too Factions In Involved being From denied Did And Own Independent Foreign Policy To Priority Gave.

Objective :

• India of Freedom And sovereignty of protect
• Both Factions Of between Calmness And Dialogue To Boost
• developing Countries Of Interests of protect

Bandung Conference (1955):

Indonesia In happened This conference In Nehru , Nasser ( Egypt ), Tito ( Yugoslavia ), Sukarno ( Indonesia ), and Nhu ( Vietnam ) like Leaders by Part I took it.
👉 right here From Non-aligned Agitation of foundation laid Went.

3. Panchsheel Principles (1954)

India And China by Mutual Relations To improve Of For Panchsheel Principle adopt , which Today Too India of Foreign Policy Of Base Are.

Panchsheel Of Five Principle :

1. each other​ of sovereignty And Regional integrity Of Respect
2. each other​ Of internal Affairs In Interference No
3. Mutual Benefit And Equality Of Principle But based relationship
4. peaceful co – existence
5. Controversies Of Calmness From Solution

Although China In 1962​ in Principles Of Violation did , but These Principle Today Too India of Policy In Present Are.

4. Chief bilateral relationship

India – China relationship :

• 1950: India by To all First China To Recognition The (People’s Republic of China)
• ” Hindi – Chinese brother – brother ‘s​ Slogan Famous Happened
• 1962: India – China the war , which Nehru of Foreign Policy of link Criticism Hui

India – Pakistan relationship :

• 1947: Partition And Kashmir Controversy of beginning
• 1948: The first Indo – Pak war
• Joint Nation of Mediation Of after ceasefire , but Kashmir Controversy made remained

India – USA And Soviet union :

• Nehru America From technology Help Want Were But America of imperialist Thinking To Doubt of Vision From see Were
• Soviet union Of with balanced And cordial relationship

5. Combined Nation In India of Role

• India by Korea Crisis , Congo crisis , and Other international Issues But Calmness Mission In Part Took it.
• India by South Africa In Apartheid Of Oppose Did and at the UN his Condemnation of.
• Nehru by Joint Nation In India of Active Role To Boost But the UNSC​​ Permanent Membership To Decline Tax Diya ( China To Support to give for ) – which after In controversial Decision Agreed Went.

6. Nehru Era of Achievements

7. Criticism And boundaries

• Nehru of Idealistic Policy To Reality From away Agreed Went
• of 1962 China war , india of Big Diplomatic Failure considered Went
• protect Policy of Ignore of Went
• Joint Nation Security council of Permanent Membership To reject One Strategic Mistake

8. Conclusion Nehru Era Indian Foreign Policy of Spiritual And Moral foundation Of Era Was. They India To global stage But independent , peaceful And Policy-related leader Of Form In Established Did. Although His Foreign Policy In Some? practical Weaknesses There were , but their Contribution India of Identification Construction In Invaluable remained.

2. Wars And Changing Equations Of Period (1964–1980)

( India of Foreign Policy In Realism And Strategic maturity of beginning )

Nehru Era Of after India of Foreign Policy Of Form Idealism From gradually​​ Realism of Side Bending From 1964 to 1980​ period India Of For extremely challenging was – this during India To Three Chief Wars , Nuclear Testing , and Superpowers Of changing Attitude Of confront to do Fell. it period India of Strategic autonomy , defense Capacity , and global Equations Of Per His Policy-related Clarity of Direction In Breakthrough prove Happened.

1. Background : Nehru Of after Of Infection

• In 1964 Nehru of Death Of after Red Brave Shastri Prime Minister Made.
• India To Serious internal Political instability , economic crisis , and external Security Hazards Of confront to do Fell.
• Foreign Policy Of Focus security , food crisis From dealing with , and global Relations In balance Tools But Focused Happened.

2. 1965: India – Pakistan war

Reason :

• Pakistan By Kashmir In “ Operation of Gibraltar​ under Infiltration
• India by by force answer Gave

Result :

• Both Countries Of between Strong war Happened
• Tashkent Agreement ( January 1966) – of the USSR Mediation From
• Red Brave Shastri of Death This  conference Of during Hui

Foreign Policy But Effect :

• India by showed That He aggressive Attacks Of confront Tax Can Is
• Soviet union of Role From India – Russia relationship Strong happened
• America Of Partisan Attitude India To Disappointed Tax Went

3. Indira Gandhi Of Period (1966–1977)

Indira Gandhi Of Leadership In India of Foreign Policy In Adventure And Strategic Verdict For Went. They India To One Self-reliance And Regional Power Of Form In Established to of Direction In Work Did.

4. 1971: Bangladesh Freedom combat And war

background :

• Eastern Pakistan In Bengalis But Pakistani Army Of Atrocity
• About 1 crore Refugees India In come

India of Role :

• Refugees of Help
• Freedom Corps To Collaboration
• Pakistan But Attack (3 December 1971)

Result :

• 13 days In Pakistan of Garland
• Bangladesh Of Construction
• Shimla Agreement (1972) – India And Pakistan Of between bilateral Negotiation Of Principle

Foreign Policy of Achievements :

• India of global Prestige In Growth
• Soviet union to 20- year-olds Friendship Treaty (1971) — a Strategic balance
• America by Pakistan Of with gave , which India – USA Relations In coolness

5. 1974: The first Atom Test – ‘ Smiling Buddha ‘

Location : Pokhran , Rajasthan

Date : 18 May 1974

Leadership : Indira Gandhi

Reason :

• China In 1964 the did Went Atom tests Of after India of Security Concerns
• Self-reliance And protect Empowerment

international feedback :

• America And Western Countries by Heartburn expressed
• India to “ atomic” Nonproliferation in the “ NPT ” Involved being Of For Pressure inserted Went
• India by NPT and CTBT To unjust Explaining happened Dismissed Did

Strategic Effect :

• India by Own Atom Power Of Display Tax World To shocked
• Security Autonomy of Direction In Big step
• China And Pakistan To clear Message

6. Others Important Incidents And Foreign Policy Initiative

Sri Lanka And Nepal Of with relationship :

• India by Sri Lanka In Tamils Of Issues But the “ balance ” Policy adopted
• Nepal Of with Water And Business Of Issues But Dialogue

Africa And NAM ‘s with India Of Affiliation :

• India by South Africa Of Apartheid Of Against global public opinion Ready Did
• In NAM leadership Role Bunny doing

India – China relationship :

• 1962 war Of after Relationships In coolness
• Limited level But Diplomatic Negotiations

7. Foreign Policy of Chief Features (1964–1980)

8. Criticism And boundaries

• non-alignment Of resilience Sometimes​​ Partiality As showed ( especially in the USSR Side Leaning )
• Atom tests Of after Western Countries From Economic restrictions
• Pakistan Of with Permanent Solution No Out found
• China From relations Now! Too Ground level But stressful are

9. Conclusion 1964 to 1980 ‘s period Indian Foreign Policy In Strategic maturity Of period Was. This Round In India by international stage But Our Interests of protect to do Learned , Defense And Atom Policy To Empowered did , and Regional Power Of Form In Own Identification Made it. Indira Gandhi of Foreign Policy To Brave , Practical And Breakthrough Agreed went , which India To One Self-reliance Nation of Direction In marching forward Did.

3. Rajiv Gandhi From Taking Economic liberalisation Till (1980–1991)

( global Variations Of between India of Foreign Policy Of Infection period )

From 1980 to 1991 Of period India of Foreign Policy Of For One Infection period remained. it He Time Was When India by Traditional non-alignment To Ongoing keeping happened gradually​​ global Economic And Political Reality To Accept to do Start Did. This Round In India To internal Political instability , international change , and Soviet union Of Dissolution like Events From tackle Fell.

📌 Main Features (1980–1991)

✅ 1. Indira Gandhi of Return And Foreign Policy (1980–1984)

• In 1980 Indira Gandhi of Power In Return Hui.
• They First From More Realistic Approach Adopted.
• Neighbour countries ( Nepal , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh ) with bilateral Relations In Improvement Of Attempt Did.

India – USA relationship :

• Mutual distrust made remained , but Economic And technology Collaboration But Discussion Ongoing doing.

✅ 2. Rajeev Gandhi Era (1984–1989): Techno Era In Foreign Policy

Rajeev Gandhi by India of Foreign Policy In modernization , technology Collaboration , and global Dialogue To Boost Gave. They India of image To One Young , technical Form From Advanced And peace loving Nation Of Form In Presented Did.

✳️ Chief​ Initiative :

🔸 India – Sri Lanka The Agreement (1987)

• Tamil Problem To solving Of For India – Sri Lanka Treaty Hui.
• India by Indian Calmness Army (IPKF) To Sri Lanka Sent.
• This step of Heavy Criticism Hui And Army To Ultimately Back to call Fell.

🔸 NAM and global Leadership

• Rajeev Gandhi by Non-aligned Agitation To Resurrected to of Effort of.
• They Atom disarmament , peace , and South – South Collaboration But Force Gave.

🔸 Africa And Asia In activism

• Rajeev Gandhi by Africa , Central Asia , and ASEAN countries Of with better Relations of beginning of.

✅ 3. changing global Politics And India

🌍 Soviet union Of Downfall (1991)

• India Of Traditional Associate The USSR gradually ceased to exist Weak Happened And in 1991 Breakdown Went.
• Its Effect India of Defence , Trade And Diplomatic Policies But Fell.
• India To New Foreign Policy strategy of Need Feel Hui.

🌍 America of New Role

• America global Leader Of Form In Emerged.
• India – USA Relations In Improvement of Possibilities made , but Old distrust persist are.

✅ 4. Atom Policy And Foreign Policy

• India by This Duration In Atom Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) And CTBT But Signature No did.
• India by in Treaties To Partisan And uneven Agreement Gave.
• India of Atom Policy Strategic On Strategic Ambiguity based doing.

✅ 5. bay crisis And India of Role (1990–91)

• in the 1990s Iraq By Kuwait But Attack Did Went.
• Big Number In Indian citizen bay Countries In Stranded Were.
• India by operation Airlift Of under About 1.7 Lakh people To Safe Removed – this Now till of To all Big citizen withdrawal Was.

✅ 6. India of Economic Situation And Foreign Policy

• This period In India To Serious Economic crisis Of confront to do had :
  • Foreigner currency store About End
  • From the IMF Loan take of noob
• Economic Pressures by India To Own Foreign Policy And Business Policy In resilience bring Of For Compelled Did.

📌 Main Foreign Policy Events Summary In

✅ 7. Criticism And boundaries

• Sri Lanka Policy In failure And Tamil resentment
• non-alignment of Role Decreasing went , but India from that Stick remained
• Soviet union But Excessive dependency , which Suddenly Policy In shift of challenge I

🧭 8. conclusion

1980 to 1991​ period India of Foreign Policy In transition , uncertainty And Strategic reconsideration Of period Was. This Round In India by Diplomat balance By making kept it , but global Variations Of Reason Him New Economic And Diplomatic strategy of Need Feel Hui. Rajeev Gandhi Of Efforts by India of image To Modern And Active create of Direction In Big Contribution Gave.

4. New Economic Policy And Multipolar The World (1991–1999)

( Liberalization Of after India of Foreign Policy Of reorganization )

from 1991 to 1999 decade India of Foreign Policy In One basic Change Of Era prove Happened. This period In India by No Only Our Economic Frameworks To Generous did , but rather Foreign Policy To Too More Practical , multilateral And Strategic Approach From again Built. it Era India of global stage But Return , America From Relations In Correction , Neighbor Countries From stress , and Atom Power of Public Acceptance Of Era Was.

🧭 Main Background : 1991 Economic crisis And Improvement

• In 1991 India Serious Foreign currency crisis From Battling remained Was.
• the then finance Minister Dr. Manmohan​ Lion And Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha​​ Rao by Economic Liberalisation , privatisation , and Globalization of Policy Adopted.
• Foreign Policy In Too This  Of According Economic Economic diplomacy And New Strategic Partnership of beginning Hui.

✅ 1. Foreign Policy In Chief shift

✅ 2. India – USA Relations In Improvement

Change Of Chief point :

• of 1991 after India by America From Economic And technology Collaboration To Importance Give Start Did.
• Cold war period Of after First Times Both Countries Of between practical Relations of foundation laid Went.

Collaboration Of Area :

• IT and Science – Technology
• Education And Research
• Overseas Indians of Role : In Silicon Valley Indians Of Effect increased

✅ 3. Look East Policy (Look East Policy)

Start : 1991, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao Of Leadership In

Objective :

• South – East of Asia (ASEAN) with Strong Economic And Strategic relationship Make
• India To Asian Power structure In One Active Partners Make

Chief Initiative :

• Myanmar , Vietnam , Thailand , Indonesia From Contact
• In ASEAN Dialogue partner Of Form In India of Situation Strong Hui

✅ 4. India – China Relations In New Chapter

• In 1993 India And China by Limit Calmness On the Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement Signature did.
• Business And tourist exchange​​ In Growth Hui.
• But faith of Shortage And Limit Controversy made remained.

✅ 5. India – Russia Relation : Reconstruction of beginning

• of the USSR Dissolution Of after India – Russia Relations In Temporary coolness Came.
• In 1993 India – Russia bilateral Friendship Treaty From New beginning Hui.
• Russia protect And energy Area In India Of One Chief partner made remained.

✅ 6. Atom Policy and in 1998 Pokhran -II tests

📍 Date : May 1998

📍 Prime Minister : Atal Bihari Vajpayee

India of 1974​ after Second Times pokhran 5 atoms in tests did.

Objective :

• Strategic Autonomy And National Security
• China And Pakistan of Atom Power Of answer In clear Situation

international feedback :

• The United States , Japan , and European Countries by Economic restrictions planted
• India by Atom tests To protect Of For Necessary And Nonproliferation Treaties Of Option Of Form In Presented Did

Result :

• India To global Atom Power Of Form In Acceptance to meet started
• India by Self To Responsible Atom Power Declared Did

✅ 7. India – Pakistan relationship And Kargil War (1999)

📌 Background :

• in 1998 Lahore Bus Travel Of Through Indo – Pak Relationships In Improvement of Effort Hui
• But in 1999 Kargil In Pakistani Infiltration Hui

📌 war Of conclusion :

• Indian Army by Success former Capture Back took
• Pakistan of global Criticism Hui
• India of Strategic Prestige increased

📌 8. Chief global Strategic Development

✅ 9. Foreign Policy of Chief Features (1991–1999)

⚖️ 10. Criticism And boundaries

• Pokhran – II after started Sanctions by Economic Development But a little Obstacle branch
• Pakistan Of with Calmness of Try Failed remained
• China From Limit Controversy Now Too solved No

🏁 Conclusion from 1991 to 1999 Round India of Foreign Policy Of Resurrection And Restructuring Of period Was. This Time India by Own Policy To Economic realistic , strategic autonomy , and global Competition Of According casting of Effort of. it decade India To One Economic Form From Open , strategic Form From alert And global Form From Emerging Happened Nation create of Direction In Breakthrough remained.

5. Emerging India of Foreign Policy (1999–2014)

( Globalization , Terrorism And Strategic Partnership Of Era )

from 1999 to 2014 period India of Foreign Policy In New thinking , strategic empowerment , and global Leadership of aspiration Of period remained. This Time India by Economic Growth , Global Forums But Active participation , and Terrorism Of Against Strong Policy Of Supports international Diplomacy In One Strong place Made.

it Era Prime Minister adamant Bihari Vajpayee (1999–2004) and Dr . Manmohan Singh (2004–2014 ) Leadership In India of Foreign Policy Of balanced , multilateral And development oriented Conversion Of Era Was.

✅ 1. Globalization Of According Foreign Policy

• India by speed From changing global economy In Investment , Business And Technology But Focused Policy Adopted.
• Multilateral Forums Like in WTO, BRICS, ASEAN and G20 India of Active Partnership increased.
• Emerging of emerging economies Group In India One Chief face Made.

✅ 2. India – USA Relations In Historical Improvement

🔸 Atal Era (1999–2004): Trust of Restoration

• Kargil war Of during America by India of Situation To Enough extent till understood.
• Terrorism Of Against Collaboration and IT sector In Partnership of beginning Hui.

🔸 Manmohan The Atomic era (2004–2014): agreement And Strategic Partnership

• 2005 : India – America Civil Nuclear Deal But agreement.
• 2008 : American Congress From Atom Collaboration To Approval Found it.
• From this India To NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group) From Discount found And global Atom Business In Partnership Found it.

Result : India One Responsible Atom Power Of Form In global level But Accept Happened.

✅ 3. Terrorism Of Against hard Policy

Chief Events :

• 2001 Parliament assault
• 2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attack (26/11)

India of feedback :

• Pakistan To international Forums But Hard, Message.
• Joint Nation In Terrorism But stringent laws And Proposals of Advocacy.
• America , Israel And Other Countries From Terrorism anti Collaboration To Strong Did Went.

✅ 4. Neighbour Countries From Relations Of balance

🔹 Pakistan :

• adamant Yes of Lahore Bus Travel And Agra Peak Conversation .
• Manmohan Government In Dialogue And Strictness Of Combination.
• of 26/11 after bilateral Conversation stalled Hui.

🔹China :​

• Business And Limit Controversy Both Ongoing are.
• in 2003 India by tibet To China Of Part agree , change it In China by Sikkim To India Of Part to accept of Direction In step Increased.
• Limit Negotiations Ongoing There were , but Solution No Happened.

🔹 Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Sri Lanka :

• Regional cooperation (SAARC ) Strength to give Of Attempt.
• Bangladesh Of with Limit Agreements And Water Controversy To solving of Initiative.
• Sri Lanka In Tamil Issues But human Approach

✅ 5. Look East Policy Of Expansion

• ASEAN countries Of with Business And Strategic Partnership To New Heights till delivered Went.
• India – ASEAN Free Business The Agreement (2009) Applicable.
• Japan , South Korea , Vietnam , Australia As Countries From protect Collaboration Increased.

✅ 6. Africa And Latin America of Side Stance

• India-Africa Forum Summit of Beginnings (2008) — technical , industrial And human resources In Collaboration.
• Latin American Countries From Energy , Agriculture And Business Of Areas In Partnership.

✅ 7. Overseas Indian Policy

• Overseas Indian Day (PIO Day) of beginning.
• NRI and OCI cards Of Channel From Overseas Indians To India From Add .
• Foreign Countries In settled Indians of Security And Representation ensure to do.

✅ 8. Strategic Partnerships

✅ 9. Joint Nation And global Forums But Role

• of the UNSC Permanent Membership Of For Campaign Quick.
• Like G20, BRICS, IBSA Forums But Active Partnership.
• climate change , energy Security And Terrorism But global discussion In Leading Role.

⚖️ 10. Criticism And Challenges

• Pakistan Policy In Music of Shortage .
• China Of with Limit Controversy Of Solution No .
• Africa And Latin America Of with Partnership Slow motion From increased.

🏁 Conclusion from 1999 to 2014 between India of Foreign Policy by One Mature , balanced And Multilateral Approach Adopted
in India by global Forums But Own Economic power , strategy Thinking And Democratic image Of Force But One responsible global Power Of Form In place found
it . Round India of Foreign Policy In bump And Self-confidence Of Era Agreed go Is.

6. Modi Era And aggressive Foreign Policy (2014–2025)

( New global Arrangement In India of active , confident And Breakthrough Foreign Policy )

from 2014 to 2025 period In India of Foreign Policy by One New Direction And motion get of. Prime Minister Narendra Modi Of Leadership In India of Foreign Policy by The Traditional ” Defensive ” Stance From off the One aggressive , strategic And practical Approach adopted.
It Era India of global Empowerment , terrorism Of Against Breakthrough policy , china Of with competition , and Global South Of Leader Of Form In Emergence Of Era remained.

✅ 1. Foreign Policy In Modi Era of Chief features

✅ 2. Prime Minister Narendra Modi of Foreign Trips And Message

• Modi by Many Countries of Trips Tax India of New global image Presented of.
• UNGA, G20, BRICS, SCO, and Quad As Forums But direct Partnership .
• ” Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam ” and “ Neighbourhood first ” like Mantras Of with Foreign Policy To Cultural And Strategic Approach found.

✅ 3. Pakistan Policy : “ Talk Too And answer Too “

✅ 4. China Policy : competition , dialogue And Strictness

• Doklam Deadlock (2017) : India by Strategic Perseverance appear
• Galwan Sangharsh (2020) : China To clear message limit​ Violation tolerate No
• military And Economic Fronts But Answer : Like TikTok, WeChat Apps But restrictions
• mercantile Balance : Self-Reliant India Of under China But Dependency Reduce of Effort

✅ 5. Quad and​ Indo – Pacific Policy

✅ 6. global Forums But Leadership

• At the UN Permanent Membership of Demand To vigorous Methods From raised
• G20 Presidency (2023) — Theme : “One Earth, One Family, One Future”
• International Solar Alliance (ISA) And Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) of Initiative
• Global South Summit (2023) Of Organizing – Developing Countries Of For India of Lead

✅ 7. Afghanistan And West Asia Policy

• Afghan crisis Of after human help , but Taliban From careful distance
• UAE, Saudi Arab , Qatar As Countries From business , investment And workers Relations In Improvement
• I2U2 Group (India, Israel, UAE, USA) – Strategic Partnership of New Precedent

✅ 8. Overseas Indian And “ India Branding ”

• Howdy Modi (2019, America ) , Namaste Trump (2020) As Programs From India of image Strong
• Overseas Indians Of For OCI/NRI Card In Reforms , embassies of activism
• Indian Culture , Yoga And Ayurveda Of global Publicity

✅ 9. protect And technology Partnerships

✅ 10. Digital Diplomacy And Social Media Use

• PM Modi by Social Media To Diplomatic Communications Of Channel made
• World Of Leaders In To all More Followers
• Twitter , Instagram , Facebook But Nation Chiefs From Dialogue

✅ 11. India – Russia Relationship : New Complications

• Russia – Ukraine war Of after India by balanced Stance Adopted
• America And Russia Both From relationship Create Keep Big Strategic challenge
• Russia From cheap Oil Import continue , while West From Collaboration Too made remained

✅ 12. India – Africa And Latin America In deepening Effect

• African Countries To Medical supply , defense equipment And technology Help
• in Latin America Energy , Pharma And Food Processing Area In Investment
• global South In India Of Leadership

⚖️ 13. Challenges And Criticisms

🏁 Conclusion : India of Foreign Policy Of Renaissance

2014–2025​ Era India of Foreign Policy Of One Historical turn remained.
This period In India by Our Interests of protect Do happened One active , aggressive And global leadership Role Played it.

Modi Era by Foreign Policy To No Only Empowered made it , but Him ” global of “India ” (Vishwaguru Bharat) Side marching forward Did.

7. Changing Global Perspective In India (2020–2025)

( Covid , Geopolitical​​ Volatility , Global South Of Leadership , and Strategic balance )

From 2020 to 2025 Of Time India And global Politics – both Of For Multifunctional And transformative it remained.
 period World throughout In COVID -19 pandemic , Ukraine – Russia war , china – america stress , and Global South of sound Of rise As Variations From filled remained.

India by in Challenges To opportunity In changing happened international Forums But leadership role , strategic balance , and Self-reliance To Base By making Foreign Policy To One New Era In Entry Got it done.

✅ 1. Covid -19 pandemic and ” Vaccine” ” Friendship ” Policy

✅ 2. Russia – Ukraine war And India Of balanced Approach

✅ 3. China Of with Relation : Limit But stress , business In Competition

• Galwan Sangharsh (2020) : India by hard military feedback Gave.
• Border Standoff : Ladakh Limit But Deadlock Ongoing.
• Economic Steps : Several Sugar Apps But restrictions , self-sustaining India Of Call.
• Business Balance : China Of with mercantile Loss Less to of Try.

✅ 4. India of global leadership Role

✅ 5. Quad And Indo – Pacific strategy

• QUAD ( India , America , Japan , Australia ) of activism increased.
• China of Marine expansionist Policy Of Against Collaboration .
• Independent And Inclusive Indo – Pacific Area Of For India Of Leadership.
• Malabar Navy Practice In Partnership Of through Tactical Strength Of Display.

✅ 6. technology , cyber Security And Emerging Technologies

• 5G, AI, Quantum Computing In international Partnerships.
• India -EU Digital partnership .
• Cyber Security Collaboration : US , Israel And Japan As Countries From Collaboration.
• Semiconductor Mission In Foreigner Investment attracted to do.

✅ 7. space And protect Area In Diplomacy

✅ 8. Africa , Latin America And global South

• Africa-India Partnership Summit of New Series.
• Latin America In Investments : Pharma , Food processing , auto Sector In Expansion.
• Global South Of Leader Of Form In Identity : Developing Countries of sound To Raise.

✅ 9. Digital Diplomacy And soft Power

• Yoga Day Of global Celebration.
• Millets (Shree Anna ) global Identity – UN has decided to implement this target in 2023 International Year of Millets Declared Did.
• Ayurveda, Culture And Sanskrit Of Publicity .
• ” India mandapam ” like events Landmarks From Cultural Leadership.

✅ 10. Overseas Indian And vasudhaiva Kutumbakam Policy

• OCI and NRI facilities In Improvement .
• Foreign Countries In crisis Of Time Rescue Mission :
  • Vande India Mission ( Covid) Of during )
  • operation Ganges ( Ukraine war Of during Students of Return )

⚖️ 11. Chief Challenges

🏁 Conclusion : Global Power Of Form In India Of rise

2020–2025​ Round India of Foreign Policy In change , experiment And Prestige Of Era India
​ by global Problems In No Only Stability Of Example Presented did , but rather One New World Arrangement In Breakthrough Role Too Played it. 👉 India Today No Only ” One Emerging Power “ it is , rather Many Areas In “ Decisive global Power “ of Side marching forward is –
strategic Form From Balanced , economical Form From self-sufficient , and Moral Form From Inspirational .

8. India of Chief Bilateral Policies (1947–2025)

( Superpowers , Neighbours Countries And Regional Partners Of with India Of Relations of Development Travel )

Since 1947 up to 2025 India by World Of various Countries Of with many Type of bilateral Policies I adopted it. in Relations Of Form time , geopolitical​​ situation , leadership And global Transformations Of According changes remained.

India of bilateral Foreign Policy Of Objective remained is – National security , economic Progress , Global Effects , Technical Collaboration And Cultural Dialogue .

✅ 1. India – Russia ( Former USSR) Relations

Specific : India – Russia relationship ” always reliable of ” friendship ” Form In See go Are.

✅ 2. India – America relationship

Chief Collaboration : QUAD, 2+2 talks , GE Engine deal , joint military Practice.

✅ 3. India – China relationship

Chief point : China Of with relationship Business In deep But Security In Stressful.

✅ 4. India – Pakistan relationship

Chief Policy : ” Terrorism And Negotiation together​​ No Ambulatory Can. “

✅ 5. India – Nepal relationship

✅ 6. India – Bhutan relationship

✅ 7. India – Bangladesh relationship

✅ 8. India – Sri Lanka relationship

✅ 9. India – Japan relationship

✅ 10. India – France relationship

• Rafael Jet deal , defense And space Collaboration
• Global Warming But Joint Effort : International Solar Alliance
• Indo-Pacific Strategy In Partnership

✅ 11. India – Israel relationship

✅ 12. India – Australia relationship

• QUAD cooperation
• Education And Student Exchange Program
• Cricket And Cultural relationship
• Business Agreements (ECTA – 2022)

✅ 13. Indo – African Nation

• South – South Collaboration
• Medical , IT , Education In Help
• Diaspora relationship And protect export
• Africa India Forum Summit Of through Collective Collaboration

✅ 14. Indo – Latin American Country

• energy Security ( Brazil , Venezuela )
• Pharma And Agriculture Business
• Brazil Of with the BRICS forum But Proximity

✅ 15. India – Saudi Arab And bay Country

✅ 16. Indo – European Union (EU)

• Business agreement Negotiations (FTA)
• Digital Partnership
• technology , education , climate Change But Collaboration

✅ Conclusion : Strategic balance And Multilateral Partnership

Since 1947 up to 2025 India of bilateral Policies Neutrality From taking Multipolar activism of Side increased.
India by ” All From friendship , someone But Dependency No “ Of mantra But Go happened Our National Interests To Priority Gave. India Today global Forums But Effective , balanced And leadership Role fulfill remained is- one​
 As such Nation Who Own Cultural Heritage , Strategic understanding , and Economic Capacity Of Force But bilateral Relations To Win – Win Partnership In change In Able Is.

9. Multilateral Forums But India of Role (1947–2025)

( India Of global Politics In growing Impact , International Collaboration And Leadership of Story )

India of Foreign Policy Of One Important Dimensions remained Is Multilateral Forums (Multilateral Forums) In His Active And Impressive Role. freedom Of after India by global peace , development And Justice Of For Reliable Partners Becoming Of Attempt Did.

India from 1947 to 2025​ by Many international Organizations And Forums But Own Place Strong of is , in which UN , BRICS , G20, South – South Collaboration And Many Regional Group Involved Are.

✅ 1. Joint In the Nation (UN) India of Role

• Membership And Contribution :
  India in 1945 UN Of Founder Members In From One Peacekeeping
  ​ Expeditions In India by To all More Soldier sent to
  India Of Target Is Security council In Permanent Membership to get , but Now! it Attempt incomplete Is.
• peacekeeping Campaign : India by Kongo , Lebanon , Mali , South Sudan As Many crisis Areas In Calmness Soldier send.
• human rights And Development : India by developing Countries Of Interests of sound Picked up.
• climate Change : India by paris Agreements In Active Role performed , and International Solar Alliance of Establishment of.

✅ 2. Non – symmetry Movement (NAM)

• Nehru of foundation : India In 1961​ Non – symmetry Agitation of Establishment of. Its Objective Was Superpowers Of Effect From Free stay.
• global South Of Leadership : NAM​ Channel From India by developing Countries Of Representation Did.
• war anti Policy : Cold war In India by Both Factions From distance Made it.
• of NAM Change : Cold war End being Of After NAM​ Role Weak it happened , but India by Multilateralism But Emphasis Gave.

✅ 3. BRICS Group​

• Membership And Importance : Brazil , Russia , India , China , South Africa Of Group.
• Economic And Political stage : India by BRICS To developing Countries Of Interests To Boost to give gonna stage Made.
• New Bank And Fund : New Development Bank (NDB) Establishment In India of Active Partnership.
• BRICS Expansion : India by Group In New Members Of Involved being Of Support Did.

✅ 4. G20 and G7 groups

• G20: India has been a member of the G20 since 2010 Permanent Member Is.
• G20 Presidency of 2023 : India ‘ One Earth, One Family, One Future’ theme Of with global Economic Improvement And Continuous Development Of Issues Picked up.
• From G7 Contact : India The G7 countries Of with Strategic And Economic Collaboration Increased.

✅ 5. Shanghai Collaboration Organization (SCO)

• Membership : India has been a member of the SCO since 2017 Member.
• Objective : terrorism , extremism , and Security Collaboration.
• Tactical Importance : China And Russia Of with Coordination.
• Regional Stability : Middle Asia In India of Partnership.

✅ 6. Diplomatic Firsts And Other stage

✅ 7. climate Change And Continuous Development In Leadership

• paris agreement : India by 2030​ Emission In Cuts Of Target kept.
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) To international stage But Boost.
• International Solar Alliance (ISA): India of Initiative , from 100 More Countries Of with.
• Continuous Development Goals (SDGs) To embrace And global Collaboration.

✅ 8. global Health Diplomacy

• Covid -19 period : India by Vaccine Diplomacy From 100+ countries To Vaccine Available Got it done.
• In WHO Active Partnership.
• Digital Health And Treatment Collaboration.

✅ 9. Terrorism anti Multilateral Collaboration

• Financial Action Task Force (FATF) And Other Organizations In Active Role.
• international Terrorism anti-inflammatory Treaties.
• Interpol Of with Collaboration.

✅ 10. global Calmness And human Help

• peacekeeping Expeditions In Contribution.
• Disaster relief And human Help.
• Foreigner Immigrants Of For Help.

🏁 Conclusion India of Multilateral Foreign Policy by Him global stage But One Important Player Of Form In Established Did India
​ by National Interests To Attention In keeping happened , global stability , continuous development and​ shared Security of Direction In step Extend it.
From 1947 to 2025 India by No Only peace loving Nation Of Form In Own image made it , but One strategic , economic And Moral leader Of Form In Too Emerged.

10. Challenges And Opportunity (1947–2025)

( India of Foreign Policy In Front I Chief Challenges And Available opportunity )

India of Foreign Policy from 1947 to 2025​ many ups and downs See Are. This Long Duration In India by No Only Our National Interests To reserve did , but rather global level But Own Role To Too Continuous extended Did. However , this Journey In Many Serious Challenges Too came , whose confront India by Strategic Discretion And Diplomatic Efforts From Did. There , the new Opportunities by India To World Politics , Economy And Security In Impressive Role to fulfill Of Opportunity Gave.

✅ 1. Challenges

1.1. Neighbors Countries Of with Controversy And Tension

• Pakistan : Division Of after From taking Now till many war , border Struggle , and Terrorism Of Issues India – Pakistan Relations To stressful making Since 1947​ after Kashmir Controversy To all Complex Problem doing.
• China : 1962​ war Of after Limit Controversy Today till Ongoing is. of 2020 Galwan valley Clash by Relations To And Complex made Gave.
• Nepal , Bhutan , Bangladesh : demarcation , water distribution , and Diplomatic imbalance Challenges born Do are.

1.2. International Pressure And Factional Politics

• Cold war Of during America and the USSR between balance Make Difficult Was.
• Many Times global Powers By India But Pressure inserted Gone , especially Atom Trials And Economic Policies But.

1.3. Economic boundaries And Development of Slow motion

• Freedom Of after Economic Challenges Of Reason Foreign Policy In Limited resources.
• global Economic Competition In lagging behind , especially in the 1980s and 1990s decade till.

1.4. Modern Technology And Security Hazards Of Lack

• Cyber security , terrorism , and Atom Weapons Of Spread From Dealing With challenging remained.
• Cyber Attacks And Terrorist network Of against Diplomatic And Security remedy.

1.5. International Organization In Limited Effect

• Joint Nation Security council In Permanent Membership of Shortage.
• World Business organizations such as the WTO Economic Forums In developing Countries Of Interests of protect In Limited Success.

1.6. Global Environment crisis

• climate Change And Environment Protection Of Pressure.
• Development And Environment Protection Of between balance Create Keep.

✅ 2. opportunity

2.1. Economic liberalisation And Globalization

• of 1991 Economic Reforms by India To global Market In Entry Of opportunity Gave.
• Foreigner Investments , Technology Collaboration , and export In Growth.

2.2. Strategic Partnerships And Multilateral Forums But growing Effect

• America , Russia , Europe , Japan As Countries Of with Collaboration.
• Like BRICS, G20, QUAD Forums In Active Partnership.

2.3. Diaspora Indians of Power

• Worldwide In Indian Diaspora Of Effect From India To Diplomatic Benefit.
• trade , investment , and Cultural Connection Of Expansion.

2.4. New technology And protect Development

• Brahmos missile , space Events , Digital India Initiative.
• protect Production And Indigenisation Of Attempt.

2.5. regional Leadership And Collaboration

• of SAARC, BIMSTEC Channel From Regional Calmness And Development.
• Neighbour Countries Of with relationship improve Of Attempt.

2.6. Climate And Continuous Development In Leading Role

• International Solar Alliance and Other First.
• Clean energy , green Technology , and Water Protection In opportunity.

2.7. Global Health Leadership

• covid -19 vaccine Diplomacy.
• Health supply Series In rising Partnership.

✅ 3. Future of Direction

• Strategic balance Create Keep : America , Russia And China Of between balanced Diplomacy.
• international Leadership : Permanent Security council of Membership , Global Economic Forums But Strong appearance.
• Economic Reforms To motion Give : innovation , digital the economy , and Green Technology.
• Security And Diplomacy Of Integration : Cyber security , terrorism , and Limit management.
• Regional Collaboration : Neighbour Countries Of with faith increasing , developmental Projects To Ahead Increase.

🏁 Conclusion India of Foreign Policy from 1947 to 2025 many Challenges From Gujrati doing It is , but with only Many Opportunities Of Benefit Too raised Is. Challenges India To Strong And Intelligent makes are , while Opportunities by Him global Power Of Form In Emergence Of way showed Is. to come ones years In If India Our Strategic Approach To And speed From Applicable does if so​ He No Only Regional Rather global level But Too Leadership of Role fulfill Can Is.

11. The Future of Direction ( up to 2025) After of Vision )

( India of Foreign Policy Of Future Of For Strategic Approach And Possibilities )

India of Foreign Policy from 1947 to 2025​ One tall And dynamic Journey fixed Did Is. This Duration In Country by No Only Our Neighbour Countries And global Powers Of with relations make it , but Multilateral Forums But Too Own Important Role Played it. Now for 2025 later , India Of Front One New global And Regional landscape In Own Foreign Policy To And More Effective , flexible And Prosperous create of challenge Is.

✅ 1. global landscape of Challenges And opportunity

• Multipolar World Of Rise :
  US , China , Russia , European union As Superpowers Of between Competition Will increase. India To This Multipolar Arrangement In Own Strategic freedom And balance Create Keep will be.
• Technology Revolution And Cyber Security :
  Artificial Intelligence , Quantum computing , and Cyber Space In Mounting Dangers India of Foreign Policy In technology Security To Priority will give.
• climate Change And Environmental Pressure :
  India To global climate Agreements In Active Role to fulfill will And Clean energy And durable Development To Boost Give will be.

✅ 2. Regional Stability And Collaboration

• Neighbour Countries Of with Relations In Reforms :
  India To Pakistan , China , Nepal , Bangladesh including Other Neighbour Countries Of with bilateral Controversies To solving Of For Active Diplomacy adopt It will be.
• South Asia And Indo – Pacific Area In Leadership :
  Like SAARC, BIMSTEC, IORA Regional Forums Of Through India To Regional Economic Integration , Security Collaboration And Environment Protection To Boost Give will be.
• Indo – Pacific Strategy :
  QUAD ( India , America , Japan , Australia ) Channel From India To Regional Security And Economic Effect Increase will be.

✅ 3. Economic And technology Collaboration

• global economy In deep Integration :
  India To Foreigner investing , trading , and innovation To Boost Give will be. Digital Economy , Startups , and Smart Technology Area In global Partnership increase It will be.
• Digital Diplomacy And Cyber Diplomacy :
  India To Cyber Attacks And Digital Security Hazards From Dealing Of For Diplomatic And technology Policies Banana Must be.
• space And protect Region :
  India To Our space Program And protect Production To And Strong to do will happen so that technology Autonomy And Security Increased.

✅ 4. Multilateral Forums In Leadership

• Joint Nation Security council In Permanent Membership :
  India of Priority Bunny will remain That He Permanent Membership get Do. it India Of global Diplomatic Importance To And It will increase.
• BRICS, G20, and Other Forums In Active Participation :
  Global Economic improvement , continuous development and​ Security Issues But India of sound Strong It will be.
• global Public Objects In Contribution :
  Global health , climate Change , terrorism anti-inflammatory Collaboration In India leadership Role He will fulfill it.

✅ 5. Culture And soft Soft Power

• Indian Culture And Religion Of Promotion :
  Yoga , Ayurveda , Hindi Language And Indian Culture Of global Publicity From India of soft Power Will increase.
• Diaspora Diplomacy :
  Overseas Indians Of with relationship Strong Tax India global network And Support System To Comprehensive Will make it.
• Education And technology Exchange :
  Foreign Students And Researchers To attracted to Of For India To Education Area In global Center to become will be.

✅ 6. protect And Security strategy

• shared Security And Strategic Alliance :
  India To Reliable protect Partnerships To Boost Give will happen , especially QUAD and Other bilateral Partnerships Of Channel From.
• Cyber And Space Security :
  Cyber Space In Attacks From rescue And space Security In technology Progress.
• Terrorism And Limit Security :
  Limit management And Terrorism anti-inflammatory Strategies To Empowered Make

✅ 7. Inclusive And Permanent Development

• The SDGs Goals To get to do :
  poverty abolition , education , health , and Environment Protection Of Area In global level But Collaboration.
• green energy And Environment Protection :
  Clean energy Sources Of Development And climate Protection Of For international Collaboration.
• technology innovation And Environment :
  Technology Of Channel From Continuous Development of Direction In step Increase.

🏁 Conclusion of 2025 after India of Foreign Policy To One Empowering , inclusive , and Multifunctional strategy adopt will be , which Him global Superpower Of Form In Established Do. India To No Only Our Regional Interests of Security to do it is , rather global stability , growth , and Calmness In Too Leadership to do will be. technology progress , economic cooperation , defence Security , and soft Power Of balanced Use From India Own Foreign Policy To Future Of For Ready Tax Can Is.

References

Appadorai, A. (2003). India’s Foreign Policy and Relations. South Asia Books.

Rajiv Sikri. (2009). Challenge and Strategy: Rethinking India’s Foreign Policy. Sage Publications.

Muchkund Dubey. (2012). India’s Foreign Policy: Coping with the Changing World. Pearson.

David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, Srinath Raghavan (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press.

Shashi Tharoor. (2012). Pax Indica: India and the World of the 21st Century. Penguin.