Agriculture in India: Key Areas of Improvement
Agriculture in India is not only the backbone of the nation’s economy but also the primary source of livelihood for millions. Over time, the Government of India has introduced significant reforms to modernize the agricultural sector, improve productivity, and ensure farmers’ welfare. This article presents my learnings and understanding of these reforms in a story-like, inspiring, and informative manner.
🇮🇳 Major Improvements in India's Agricultural Sector
1. Green Revolution – 1960s
- Introduction of High-Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds.
- Increased use of chemical fertilizers.
- Expansion of modern irrigation technologies.
- Massive rise in wheat and rice production.
- Most impact seen in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh.
2. Agricultural Marketing Reforms
e-NAM (National Agriculture Market)
- Provided farmers an online platform to sell their produce.
- Reduced dependence on intermediaries.
APMC Act Amendments
- Many states allowed farmers to sell produce outside traditional mandis.
3. Irrigation and Water Resource Management
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
- Aim: “Water for Every Farm.”
- Expansion of micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler systems).
4. Crop Insurance and Financial Security
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
- Insurance coverage against natural calamities and crop damage.
- Low premium rates for farmers.
Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
- Affordable loans at low interest rates.
5. Increase in Minimum Support Price (MSP)
- MSP increased for major crops like wheat, rice, and pulses.
- Ensured fair and stable prices for farmers.
6. The 2020 Farm Laws (Controversial) and Repeal
- Three major farm laws were introduced:
- Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce Act
- Farmers' Empowerment and Protection Agreement Act
- Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act
- Due to nationwide protests by farmers, the laws were repealed in 2021.
7. Promotion of Organic and Natural Farming
- Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP).
- Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) promotion.
- Encouragement for chemical-free farming.
8. PM-KISAN: Direct Income Support
- ₹6000 per year transferred directly to eligible farmers' bank accounts.
9. Agricultural Mechanization and Technology Support
- Drone usage for spraying pesticides and fertilizers.
- Agritech startups promoting smart and precision farming.
🧾 Additional Key Improvements in Indian Agriculture
1. Broader Impact of the Green Revolution
The use of advanced seeds, fertilizers, and modern irrigation technologies led to a significant rise in crop yields. Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh benefited the most.
2. Irrigation and Water Management
- Micro-irrigation (drip/sprinkler) encouraged under PMKSY.
- Greater focus on water conservation and rainwater harvesting.
3. Agricultural Marketing Reforms
- e-NAM created a nationwide digital marketplace for farmers.
- APMC deregulation allowed trade outside mandis.
4. Insurance & Credit Support
- PMFBY provides protection against crop loss.
- KCC offers low-interest loans to farmers.
5. MSP Improvements
MSP is fixed for key crops like wheat, paddy, and pulses to ensure farmers receive fair remuneration.
6. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)
- PM-KISAN ensures transparent and direct transfer of financial aid.
7. Technology and Mechanization
- Subsidies for tractors, threshers, and advanced equipment.
- Drone technology for crop monitoring and spraying.
8. Natural and Organic Farming
- Promotion of ZBNF.
- Financial assistance and training for chemical-free farming.
9. Farm Laws and Reversal
Although the 2020 farm laws aimed at restructuring agricultural markets, they were revoked due to strong farmer protests.
✅ Conclusion
The primary goal of India’s agricultural reforms is to increase farmers’ income, ensure sustainable production, and modernize Indian agriculture. Although challenges such as climate change, small landholdings, and limited farmer awareness still exist, the combined efforts of the government and farmers continue to push Indian agriculture towards modernization and long-term stability.
Green Revolution – 1960
The Green Revolution in India began in the 1960s as an agricultural improvement program aimed at increasing food grain production and achieving national food security. It became one of the most important turning points in the history of Indian agriculture.
📌 Definition
The Green Revolution refers to the process in which advanced agricultural techniques, high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and modern irrigation systems were introduced to dramatically increase agricultural productivity.
🛒 Buy Now on Amazon📜 Background
- After independence, India struggled with severe food shortages.
- The 1965 Indo-Pak War and widespread drought worsened the food crisis.
- India had to import wheat under the PL-480 program from the United States.
- To overcome this crisis, India adopted the high-yield farming techniques developed by scientist Norman Borlaug.
🔬 Key Elements of the Green Revolution
- HYV Seeds: Improved varieties of wheat and rice designed for higher productivity.
- Chemical Fertilizers & Pesticides: To supply essential nutrients and protect crops from diseases.
- Irrigation Expansion: Widespread use of canals, tube wells, and modern irrigation systems.
- Mechanization: Use of tractors, harvesters, and other machines.
- Government Support: Subsidies, credit facilities, and Minimum Support Price (MSP).
📊 Major Results
| Aspect | Description |
|---|---|
| 🔼 Increase in Production | Wheat and rice production increased manifold. |
| 🇮🇳 Self-Reliance | India became self-sufficient in food grains. |
| 💰 Farmer Income Rise | Farmers in certain regions saw a rise in income. |
| 🌍 International Recognition | India became a leader in agricultural technology adoption. |
📍 Regions Most Affected
The Green Revolution had the greatest impact in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh.
⚠️ Negative Aspects
- Overemphasis on wheat and rice reduced crop diversity.
- Heavy use of chemicals decreased soil fertility.
- Small farmers benefited less than large landholders.
- Water depletion and environmental problems increased.
✅ Conclusion
The Green Revolution saved India from famine and brought a major transformation in food grain production. However, it also created environmental and social challenges that must be addressed in future agricultural policies. The lesson learned is that technology and policy together can take agriculture to new heights.
Agricultural Marketing Reforms in India
Agricultural marketing reforms aim to ensure that farmers receive fair prices, gain direct access to markets, and reduce dependence on intermediaries. For decades, Indian farmers relied on local mandis and middlemen, often failing to get the right value for their produce. To improve this situation, the government initiated multiple reforms.
📌 Meaning of Agricultural Marketing
Agricultural marketing is the process through which farmers deliver their produce to consumers or traders. It includes storage, transportation, grading, price determination, and selling.
🚜 Major Agricultural Marketing Reforms
1️⃣ e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) – 2016
- An online trading platform connecting mandis across India.
- Increased transparency and reduced the role of middlemen.
- More than 1000 mandis are now integrated with e-NAM.
- Farmers get real-time price information and competitive rates.
2️⃣ Reforms in APMC Acts
- Earlier, farmers could sell only in government-regulated mandis.
- This made them dependent on commission agents.
- Many states amended APMC Acts allowing farmers to sell outside mandis as well.
3️⃣ Permission for Direct Marketing
- Food processing companies, retailers, and traders can now purchase directly from farmers.
- Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) were promoted to help farmers sell collectively.
4️⃣ Warehouse Receipt System
- Farmers can store crops in warehouses and sell later at better prices.
- Warehouse receipts can be used to obtain loans from banks.
5️⃣ Information Through Digital Platforms
- Farmers receive market prices, weather updates, and mandi conditions via SMS, apps, and portals.
6️⃣ The Three Farm Laws (2020) – Now Repealed
- Government introduced three laws aimed at:
- Providing freedom to sell outside mandis.
- Allowing contract farming.
- Removing stock limits for private companies.
- Due to nationwide protests, these laws were repealed in 2021.
✅ Conclusion
Agricultural marketing reforms aim to provide farmers with market freedom, transparency, and stronger bargaining power. Although gaps in rural infrastructure and digital access still exist, these reforms remain an important step toward strengthening India's agriculture-based economy.
Irrigation and Water Resource Management in India
India is a major agricultural country, but a large part of its agriculture still depends on rainfall. Due to uneven and unpredictable monsoons, irrigation and water resource management have become extremely important. To make agricultural production sustainable, efficient, and climate-friendly, this area requires continuous improvement.
📌 Meaning of Irrigation
Irrigation is the process of supplying water to crops as needed, especially when natural rainfall is insufficient.
🛒 Buy Now on Amazon🛠️ Major Improvements in Irrigation and Water Resource Management in India
1️⃣ Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) – 2015
Slogan: “Har Khet Ko Pani” (Water for Every Farm)
- Expansion of irrigation facilities.
- Focus on water conservation.
- Promotion of micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler systems).
- Integrated plan combining central and state schemes.
2️⃣ Micro Irrigation Systems
Drip Irrigation
- Water is supplied drop-by-drop directly to the roots of crops.
Sprinkler System
- Water is sprinkled evenly over the crop field like rainfall.
Benefits:
- 40–60% water savings.
- Reduced energy consumption.
- Better fertilizer efficiency.
3️⃣ Water Conservation Campaigns
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019): Focus on reviving water bodies, rainwater harvesting, and water conservation.
- Awareness programs promoting efficient use of water.
4️⃣ Irrigation Projects
- Major Projects: Bhakra Nangal, Indira Gandhi Canal, Sardar Sarovar, etc.
- Small and medium irrigation projects for rural regions.
5️⃣ Revival of Traditional Water Sources
- Renovation of ponds, stepwells, lakes, and wells.
- Community participation for water conservation.
6️⃣ Use of Information Technology
- Remote sensing and GIS for mapping water resources.
- Mobile apps and digital monitoring systems to improve irrigation efficiency.
⚠️ Challenges
- Over-extraction of groundwater.
- Inequality in irrigation access across regions.
- Limited access to modern irrigation technology for small farmers.
✅ Conclusion
Irrigation and water resource management are essential for agricultural productivity, food security, and environmental balance. The Government of India has introduced several initiatives, technological solutions, and awareness campaigns to improve this sector. However, greater local participation, sustainable water use, and wider technology access are still necessary for long-term success.
Agricultural Insurance and Financial Security
Agriculture in India is often described as a “gamble with the monsoon” because it depends heavily on natural disasters, climate change, pest attacks, and market fluctuations. Agricultural insurance and financial security schemes provide farmers with a protective shield against these risks.
📌 Objectives of Agricultural Insurance
- Compensation for crop damage caused by natural disasters.
- Prevent farmers from falling into debt traps.
- Provide financial stability through risk management.
🌾 Major Agricultural Insurance Schemes in India
1️⃣ Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) – 2016
Objective: Compensation for crop loss due to natural calamities such as drought, floods, hailstorms, pests, etc.
Premium Rates:
- Kharif crops – 2%
- Rabi crops – 1.5%
- Commercial & horticulture crops – 5%
- Remaining premium is shared by Central and State Governments.
- Insurance claims are directly transferred to farmers’ bank accounts.
2️⃣ Weather-Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)
- Insurance is based on weather conditions such as rainfall, temperature, etc.
- Highly beneficial for small and marginal farmers.
💳 Other Financial Security Measures for Farmers
3️⃣ Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
- Provides low-interest loans to farmers.
- Helps purchase fertilizers, seeds, equipment, etc.
- Interest subsidies are available for timely repayment.
4️⃣ Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
- ₹6,000 per year for all eligible farmer families.
- Paid in three installments through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT).
5️⃣ Cooperative and Rural Bank Loan Schemes
- Through NABARD, cooperative banks and regional rural banks provide affordable loans.
6️⃣ Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
- Loans for warehouses, cold storage, processing units, and agricultural infrastructure.
- Support for farmer groups, FPOs, and cooperatives.
⚠️ Challenges
- Delays in processing insurance claims.
- Lack of awareness among many farmers about available schemes.
- Transparency issues due to involvement of intermediaries.
✅ Conclusion
Agricultural insurance and financial security schemes offer crucial support to farmers during crises and help build long-term self-reliance. If implemented effectively with better awareness and transparency, these schemes can improve the lives and stability of millions of Indian farmers.
Increase in Minimum Support Price (MSP)
The Minimum Support Price (MSP) is the minimum rate declared by the Government of India at which it guarantees the purchase of farmers’ produce, regardless of market fluctuations. Its primary purpose is to protect farmers from price crashes and ensure fair and profitable returns.
🧾 Objectives of MSP
- To ensure a minimum remunerative price for farmers.
- To protect farmers against a decline in market prices.
- To ensure government procurement of essential food grains.
- To encourage higher agricultural production.
🏢 Who Fixes the MSP?
- The MSP is declared by the Central Government based on the recommendations of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP).
- It considers cost of production, demand–supply conditions, international prices, and consumer affordability.
🌾 Crops Covered Under MSP
The Government announces MSP for 23 crops, including:
1️⃣ Major Kharif Crops
- Paddy, Maize, Millet, Sorghum, Groundnut, Soybean
2️⃣ Major Rabi Crops
- Wheat, Gram, Lentil, Mustard, Barley
3️⃣ Commercial Crops
- Cotton, Sugarcane, Sesame, Sunflower, Pigeon Pea, etc.
📊 Example: Recent Increase in MSP (Illustration)
| Crop | 2022–23 MSP (₹/quintal) | 2023–24 MSP (₹/quintal) | Increase |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat | ₹2,125 | ₹2,275 | ₹150 |
| Rice | ₹2,040 | ₹2,183 | ₹143 |
| Gram | ₹5,230 | ₹5,440 | ₹210 |
| Mustard | ₹5,450 | ₹5,650 | ₹200 |
Note: These numbers are illustrative. MSP is revised annually by the Union Cabinet.
📈 Benefits of MSP Increase
- Provides stable income and financial security to farmers.
- Encourages agricultural production through assured procurement.
- Strengthens the rural economy.
⚠️ Challenges & Criticism
- Only a section of farmers benefit, mainly those whose crops are procured by the government.
- Government procurement is concentrated mainly on wheat and rice.
- Debate and confusion over MSP in market-based reforms (e.g., 2020 Farm Laws).
✅ Conclusion
The increase in MSP is a positive step toward farmers’ economic security and self-reliance. However, to maximize its benefits, MSP access and government procurement need to be expanded across states and more crops.
Agriculture Act 2020 (Controversial Farm Laws)
In 2020, the Central Government introduced three new agricultural laws aimed at reforming the farm sector. The government claimed that these laws would provide farmers with market freedom, better prices, and new opportunities. However, a large section of farmers opposed these laws, calling them anti-farmer.
📃 Summary of the Three Controversial Farm Laws
1️⃣ Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020
- Allowed farmers to sell produce outside APMC mandis, anywhere within or outside the state.
- Promoted electronic trading of farm produce.
- Enabled tax-free trade outside mandis.
Government’s Aim: Increase competition, reduce middlemen, and provide better prices to farmers.
2️⃣ Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020
- Legalized contract farming arrangements.
- Enabled pre-agreed prices between farmers and companies.
- Provided a local dispute resolution system.
Government’s Aim: Provide stability, reduce risk, and encourage technology adoption.
3️⃣ Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020
- Removed cereals, pulses, oilseeds, onions, potatoes, etc., from the Essential Commodities list.
- Allowed private companies to stock these items, except during extreme price rise situations.
Government’s Aim: Promote private investment and improve supply chains.
🚩 Farmers’ Objections
| Issue | Farmers’ Objection |
|---|---|
| No MSP Guarantee | The laws did not mention any legal guarantee for MSP. |
| Corporate Interference | Fear that large corporations could exploit farmers through unfair contracts. |
| Weakening of APMC Mandis | Tax-free trade outside mandis could reduce their importance. |
| Lack of Legal Protection | Disputes could not be taken to court; only SDM-level resolution was allowed. |
🏕️ Farmers' Movement (2020–2021)
- Millions of farmers, mostly from Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh, protested at Delhi’s borders.
- Protests included peaceful sit-ins, rallies, “Delhi Chalo,” Bharat Bandh, and community kitchens (langar).
- The movement lasted for nearly 13 months.
📢 Government’s Response
- Several rounds of talks failed to reach an agreement.
- In November 2021, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the repeal of all three farm laws.
✅ Conclusion
The Agriculture Act of 2020 had potential for reform, but lack of consensus, trust, and communication led to widespread protests and controversy. This episode highlights that in a sector as sensitive as agriculture, reforms must be implemented with strong farmer participation and confidence-building measures.
Promotion of Organic and Natural Farming
🛒 Buy Now on AmazonIn India, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to declining soil fertility, health problems, and environmental harm. A strong solution to these challenges is the promotion of organic and natural farming—sustainable systems that protect the environment and improve human health.
🌿 1. Organic Farming
🔍 Definition
Organic farming is a method in which no chemical fertilizers or pesticides are used. Instead, natural substances such as cow dung, compost, neem extracts, Jeevamrit, and bio-pesticides are applied.
✅ Benefits of Organic Farming
- Maintains soil fertility
- Provides healthy and safe food
- Produces pesticide-free crops
- Preserves biodiversity
📌 Government Schemes Supporting Organic Farming
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Cluster-based promotion of organic farming
- National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF): Production of organic fertilizers and farmer training
- PGS-India Certification: Simplified certification system for organic farmers
- APEDA Support: Marketing and export assistance for organic products
🌾 2. Natural Farming
🔍 Definition
Natural farming, popularized by Subhash Palekar, is also known as Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF). It avoids all chemical inputs and relies entirely on local resources—especially indigenous cow dung, cow urine, and natural formulations.
🧪 Key Components of Natural Farming
- Jeevamrit: A mixture of cow dung, cow urine, jaggery, and gram flour
- Beejamrit: A natural seed treatment mixture
- Neemastra/Agniastra: Organic pest control preparations
- Mulching: Covering soil to retain moisture
- Wapsa: Maintaining adequate soil moisture through proper water management
✅ Benefits of Natural Farming
- Low-cost agriculture (zero budget)
- Protection of soil, water, and environment
- Farmer self-reliance and reduced debt
- Chemical-free produce
🇮🇳 Government Initiatives for Natural Farming
📌 1. Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP)
- Launched under RKVY in 2020
- Pilot projects in 8 states
- Training, demo plots, and certification support
📌 2. NITI Aayog Support for ZBNF
- NITI Aayog promotes natural farming as a sustainable future model
📌 3. State-Level Initiatives
- Andhra Pradesh: Large-scale natural farming program
- Sikkim: India’s first fully organic state
- Madhya Pradesh & Uttarakhand: Special policies to promote organic farming
❗ Challenges in Organic & Natural Farming
- Initial decline in yield
- Lack of established market and premium prices
- Complicated certification process
- Shortage of training and awareness
✅ Conclusion
Organic and natural farming not only support farmer self-reliance but also protect the soil, water, and human health. With joint efforts from government and society, India can move from a "Green Revolution" to an "Organic Revolution."
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN)
PM-KISAN is a Central Government scheme designed to provide financial support to small and marginal farmers. It aims to strengthen farmers’ income and promote self-reliance in rural India.
📆 Scheme Launch
- Announced: 1 February 2019 (Union Budget)
- Effective From: 1 December 2018
- Launched By: Prime Minister Narendra Modi
🎯 Objectives of PM-KISAN
- Provide direct financial assistance to small and marginal farmers
- Support farm-related expenses like seeds and fertilizers
- Contribute to farmers’ income growth
💰 Financial Assistance
Every eligible landholding farmer family receives ₹6,000 per year, distributed in three equal installments:
- ₹2,000 – April to July
- ₹2,000 – August to November
- ₹2,000 – December to March
Payment is made through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to farmers’ bank accounts.
👨🌾 Eligibility
- All landholding farmer families
- Family includes husband, wife, and minor children
- Valid land records, Aadhaar card, and bank account required
❌ Ineligible Categories
- Income tax-paying families
- Institutional landholders
- Government employees and professionals (doctor, engineer, lawyer, etc.)
- Pensioners receiving more than ₹10,000/month
- MPs, MLAs, and elected representatives
📊 Achievements (Up to 2024)
- 11 crore+ farmer beneficiaries
- ₹2.80 lakh crore+ distributed
- PM-KISAN App & Portal for registration, status check, and e-KYC
🛠️ Key Features
- Digital registration
- Mandatory e-KYC
- RTGS/NEFT payment channels
- Public beneficiary list at Panchayat level
⚠️ Challenges
- Delayed land record updates exclude many farmers
- Complaints of fake beneficiaries
- Low digital literacy affecting registration
📝 Conclusion
PM-KISAN is an impactful scheme providing direct income support to millions of farmers. Better land record digitization and stronger verification can further improve its effectiveness.
Agricultural Mechanization and Technology Assistance
To modernize Indian agriculture, increase productivity, and reduce farmers’ workload, agricultural mechanization and technology support play a crucial role.
🔧 Agricultural Mechanization
What is Mechanization?
Mechanization means using machines to perform various agricultural tasks such as ploughing, sowing, irrigation, harvesting, and threshing.
Major Agricultural Machines
- Tractors
- Ploughs
- Seed drill machines
- Harvesters
- Sprayers for pesticide application
- Drip irrigation systems
Benefits of Mechanization
- Increases efficiency and productivity
- Reduces labor cost
- Saves time
- Improves crop quality and yield
- Introduces modern agricultural practices
🖥️ Technological Support in Agriculture
- High-quality seeds and fertilizers
- Drip and sprinkler irrigation systems
- Weather forecasting via apps and radio
- Organic pest control techniques
- Smart farming through GPS, mobile apps, and drones
🇮🇳 Government Initiatives for Mechanization
- Machinery banks for renting equipment to small farmers
- Subsidies for purchasing harvesters and agricultural tools
- RKVY and special missions to promote mechanization
- Kisan Call Centers for agricultural advice
- Digital apps like eNAM, mKisan, and Kisan Suvidha
🏆 Benefits Overview
| Area | Benefit |
|---|---|
| Labor Cost Reduction | Mechanization reduces dependence on manual labor |
| Time Saving | Speeds up sowing, harvesting, and other processes |
| Increase in Production | Efficient farm operations improve yield |
| Quality Improvement | Better seeds and machines enhance overall quality |
| Environmental Protection | Modern irrigation saves water and reduces wastage |
⚠️ Challenges
- High cost of machinery for small farmers
- Lack of training and technical knowledge
- Limited availability of advanced equipment
- Digital literacy gaps in rural areas
✅ Conclusion
Mechanization and advanced technology can transform Indian agriculture into a modern, sustainable, and profitable sector. For this, collaboration between government, research institutions, and farmers is essential.
Conclusion
The improvement and development of India's agricultural sector are crucial for the nation's economy, food security, and rural prosperity. Reforms such as mechanization, organic and natural farming, MSP, PM-KISAN, and marketing improvements have contributed significantly to uplifting farmers' lives.
However, challenges remain—small farmers’ limited access, environmental concerns, market transparency issues, and low technological awareness. Therefore, safeguarding farmers' interests, promoting innovation, and offering comprehensive training and support are essential.
With coordinated efforts and continuous dialogue with farmers, India can not only become self-reliant in agriculture but also emerge as a global competitor.
References
- Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India – https://agricoop.nic.in
- PM-KISAN Scheme Official Portal – https://pmkisan.gov.in
- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) – https://pmfby.gov.in
- e-NAM National Agriculture Market – https://enam.gov.in
- Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP) – https://cacp.dacnet.nic.in
- APEDA Organic Farming Support – https://apeda.gov.in
- NITI Aayog Reports on Agriculture Reforms – https://niti.gov.in
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan (Water Conservation) – https://jalshakti.gov.in
- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – https://nmsa.dac.gov.in
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) – https://icar.org.in